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Pseudo Jonathan Exodus

About this book
Chapter 15

1 Behold, then Moses and the children of Israel sang this song of praise before the Lord and said thus: “Let us give thanks and praise before the Lord, the eminent one who is exalted above the exalted and elevated above the elevated. Through his Memra he takes revenge on anyone who exalts himself before him. Because the wicked Pharaoh plotted before the Lord, was elevated in his heart, and pursued the people of the children of Israel, horses and riders he cast (them) and drowned them in the Sea of Reeds. 2 Our strength and the (object of) our many praises, feared by all the ages, the Lord. He declared through his Memra and he was for me a redeeming God.” From their mother's breasts the sucklings would indicate with their fingers to their fathers and would say: “This is our God who had us suck honey from the rock and oil from the flint stone at the time when our mothers went out into the open country and gave birth to us and abandoned us there. He would send an angel who would bathe us and swaddle us.⁠ And now let us praise him, the God of our fathers, and let us extol him.” 3 The children of Israel said, “The Lord is a hero who wages our wars in every generation. He makes his strength known to his people, the house of Israel. The Lord is his name; like his name is his strength. May his name be blessed forever and ever! 4 The chariots of Pharaoh and his armies he has thrown into the sea. The best of his brave young men, he cast (them) and drowned them in the Sea of Reeds. 5 The deeps covered them over. They went down and sank in the depths of the sea; they were like stones. 6 Your right hand, O Lord, how praiseworthy it is in (its) strength! Your right hand, O Lord, exterminates the enemies of your people who rise up against them to harm them. 7 In your great exaltation you demolish the walls of the enemies of your people. You let loose against them your mighty anger, you destroy them as burning fire takes control in straw. 8 With a word from before you the waters were formed into many heaps; they stood up firmly like water-skins of flowing water. The deeps became solid over them in the depths of the Great Sea. 9 For the wicked Pharaoh, the hater and enemy, said, ‘I will pursue the people of the children of Israel, and we will come upon them (when they are) camping on the seashore, and we will draw up bat tle lines against them, and we will perform a great and mighty slaughtering among them; we will plunder great spoils from them, and we will take many captives from them. I will divide their spoils among my people who conduct my war. And when my soul has had its fill of the blood of their slain, after that I will draw my sword, and / will wipe them out with my right hand.’ 10 You blew with a wind from before you, O Lord; the waves of the sea covered them over; they went down and they sank like lead in the majestic waters. 11 Who is like you among the gods on high, O Lord? Who is like you, glorious in holiness, revered through praises, working miracles and wonders for his people the house of Israel?” 12 The sea, and the earth were arguing together, one with the other. The sea said to the earth, “Receive your children!” And the earth said to the sea, “Receive your slain!” The sea did not want to sink them, and the earth did not want to swallow them. The earth was afraid to receive them, lest they would be demanded of her on the day of great judgment in the world to come, just as the blood of Abel will be demanded of her. Immediately, O Lord, you inclined your right hand over the earth with an oath that they would not be demanded of her in the world to come. The earth then opened its mouth and swallowed them. 13 “In your steadfast love you led this people whom you redeemed. You gave them possession of the mountain of your Sanctuary, the dwelling place of your holy Shekinah. 14 The nations heard, they were agitated. Fear seized them, all the pillars of the inhabitants of the land of the Philistines. 15 Behold, then the chiefs of the Edomites were dismayed; trembling seized the mighty ones of the Moabites. All the pillars of the inhabitants of the land of the Canaanites, their heart melted within them. 16 Cause a deadly terror and dread to fall upon them. Through the might of your strong arm may they become as silent as stones, until your people, O Lord, cross the torrents of the Arnon, until this people whom you acquired crosses the ford of the Jabbok. 17 You will bring them in and plant them on the mountain of your Sanctuary. You have established, O Lord, a place that corresponds to the throne of your Glory, made ready opposite the dwelling place of your holy Shekinah. Your Sanctuary, O Lord, your own two hands completed it.” 18 When the people, the house of Israel saw the miracles and wonders which the Holy One, may his name be praised, performed for them at the Sea of Reeds, and the strength of his hand between the waves, they spoke up and said one to another: 'Come, let us place a crown of greatness on the head of our Redeemer, who makes (things) pass away but does not pass away, who causes (things) to change but does not change; for the crown of kingship is his, and he is king of kings in this world, and his is the kingship for the world to come; it is his, and let it be (so) for ever and ever’ 19 For the horses of Pharaoh, with his chariots and horsemen, went into the sea; and the Lord turned the waters of the sea back on them; but the children of Israel went on dry ground in the midst of the sea. There sweet springs sprang up, as well as fruit trees, green plants, and choice fruit at the bottom of the sea.⁠ 20 Then Miriam the prophetess, Aaron’s sister, took the timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her; they were dancing to the sound of timbrels and playing the hingas. 21 And Miriam sang to them, “Let us give thanks and praise before the Lord because might and eminence are his; he is exalted above the exalted, and he is elevated above the high. Because the wicked Pharaoh plotted and pursued the people of the children of Israel, his horses and his chariots, he threw (them) and sank them in the Sea of Reeds.” 22 Then Moses caused Israel to set out from the Sea of Reeds, and they went to the wilderness of Haluzah. They traveled three days in the wilderness, neglecting the commandments, and they found no water.⁠ 23 They came to Marah, but they could not drink the water of Marah, because it was bitter. That is why it was named Marah. 24 And the people murmured against Moses, saying, “What shall we drink?” 25 So he prayed be fore the Lord, and the Lord showed him a bitter oleander tree. He wrote the great and glorious Name on it and threw (it) into the water, and the water became sweet. There the Memra of the Lord enjoined on him the decree of the sabbath, the statute to honor (one’s) father and mother, the judgments for wounds and blows, the penalties to be imposed on the guilty, and there he tested him with the tenth temptation. 26 And he said, “If you listen carefully to the Memra of the Lord your God, doing what is fitting before him, obeying his commandments and ob serving all his statutes, I will not inflict on you any of the evil diseases that I inflicted on the Egyptians. But if you transgress the words of the Law, they shall be sent upon you. I f you repent, I will remove them from you, for I am the Lord, your healer.” 27 And they came to Elim, and in Elim there were twelve springs of water, a well for each tribe, and seventy palm trees, corresponding to the seventy elders of Israel. And they encamped there beside the water.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 15:22 and Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:22

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Exodus 15 describes Israel’s journey from the sea to Marah, focusing on the bitter water. The Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan connects the lack of water to neglecting the Torah, following a tradition that equates the Torah with water.

Passages

Exodus 15:22

Hebrew Bible
21 Miriam sang in response to them, “Sing to the Lord, for he has triumphed gloriously; the horse and its rider he has thrown into the sea.” 22 Then Moses led Israel to journey away from the Red Sea. They went out to the wilderness of Shur, walked for three days into the wilderness, and found no water. 23 Then they came to Marah, but they were not able to drink the waters of Marah, because they were bitter. (That is why its name was Marah.)
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 15:22

Targum
21 And Miriam sang to them, “Let us give thanks and praise before the Lord because might and eminence are his; he is exalted above the exalted, and he is elevated above the high. Because the wicked Pharaoh plotted and pursued the people of the children of Israel, his horses and his chariots, he threw (them) and sank them in the Sea of Reeds.” 22 Then Moses caused Israel to set out from the Sea of Reeds, and they went to the wilderness of Haluzah. They traveled three days in the wilderness, neglecting the commandments, and they found no water. 23 They came to Marah, but they could not drink the water of Marah, because it was bitter. That is why it was named Marah.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Exodus

References

"... Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael Exodus 15:22 (2, 89-90); 15:27 (2, 98); Babylonian Talmud Baba Qamma 82a; Tanhuma A, Beshalach 19 (233). Since the Torah was compared with water (see, for example, the text from Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael Exodus 15:22), Pseudo-Jonathan associates lack of water with neglect of Torah, not only in our present text but also in Exodus 17:1; Numbers 21:20; 33:14 ..."
Martin McNamara, Targum Neofiti 1 & Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Exodus, ArBib 2 (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1994), 206.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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