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Psalms

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Psalm 74

1 A well-written song by Asaph. Why, O God, have you permanently rejected us? Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? 2 Remember your people whom you acquired in ancient times, whom you rescued so they could be your very own nation, as well as Mount Zion, where you dwell. 3 Hurry to the permanent ruins, and to all the damage the enemy has done to the temple. 4 Your enemies roar in the middle of your sanctuary; they set up their battle flags. 5 They invade like lumberjacks swinging their axes in a thick forest. 6 And now they are tearing down all its engravings with axes and crowbars. 7 They set your sanctuary on fire; they desecrate your dwelling place by knocking it to the ground.⁠ 8 They say to themselves, “We will oppress all of them.” They burn down all the places in the land where people worship God. 9 We do not see any signs of God’s presence; there are no longer any prophets, and we have no one to tell us how long this will last. 10 How long, O God, will the adversary hurl insults? Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? 11 Why do you remain inactive? Intervene and destroy him. 12 But God has been my king from ancient times, performing acts of deliverance on the earth.⁠ 13 You destroyed the sea by your strength; you shattered the heads of the sea monster⁠ in the water.⁠ 14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan;⁠ you fed him to the people who live along the coast.⁠ 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night;⁠ you put the moon and sun in place.⁠ 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; you created the cycle of summer and winter.⁠ 18 Remember how the enemy hurls insults, O Lord, and how a foolish nation blasphemes your name. 19 Do not hand the life of your dove over to a wild animal. Do not continue to disregard the lives of your oppressed people. 20 Remember your covenant promises, for the dark regions of the earth are full of places where violence rules. 21 Do not let the afflicted be turned back in shame. Let the oppressed and poor praise your name. 22 Rise up, O God. Defend your honor. Remember how fools insult you all day long.⁠ 23 Do not disregard what your enemies say or the unceasing shouts of those who defy you.

Texts in conversation

Compare Enuma Elish V and Psalms 74:16

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Enuma Elish, the god Marduk organizes time after his victory, fixing the year and its seasons and setting the moon and sun in place. Psalm 74 credits God with the same ordering of time, establishing day and night and creating summer and winter.

Passages

Enuma Elish V

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · The Seven Tablets of Creation
He (i.e. Marduk) made the stations for the great gods; The stars, their images, as the stars of the Zodiac, he fixed. He ordained the year and into sections he divided it; For the twelve months he fixed three stars. After he had organized the year, He founded the station of Neberu to determine their bounds; That none might err or go astray, He set the station of Enlil and Ea along with him. He opened great gates on both sides, He made strong the bolt on the left and on the right. In the midst of it he fixed the zenith; The Moon-god he caused to shine forth, the night he entrusted to him. He appointed him, a being of the night, to determine the days; Every month without ceasing with the crown he covered(?) him, (saying): “At the beginning of the month, when you shine upon the land, You command the horns to determine six days, And on the seventh day to [divide] the crown. On the fifteenth day, halfway through each month, stand in opposition. When Shamash [sees] you on the horizon,
1800–1750 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Enuma Elish

Psalms 74:16

Hebrew Bible
14 You crushed the heads of Leviathan; you fed him to the people who live along the coast. 15 You broke open the spring and the stream; you dried up perpetually flowing rivers. 16 You established the cycle of day and night; you put the moon and sun in place. 17 You set up all the boundaries of the earth; you created the cycle of summer and winter. 18 Remember how the enemy hurls insults, O Lord, and how a foolish nation blasphemes your name. 19 Do not hand the life of your dove over to a wild animal. Do not continue to disregard the lives of your oppressed people.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

... Indeed, there is a marked parallelism between the phrasing of our passage and that of the Babylonian poem. For if the Psalmist declares that the triumphant gods appointed the luminaries of heaven, Enuma Elish likewise describes him (tablet 5 line 1 and following) as proceeding at once to determine the positions of the moon and stars. And if the Psalmist portrays him, somewhat allusively, as fixing "all the bounds of the earth," Enuma Elish clarifies the allusion by stating explicitly (tablet 6 lines 56-57) that immediately after his triumph, "plans and designs were fixed, the stations of heaven and earth were disposed among all of the gods" -- an interpretation which is in turn confirmed by a further reference to the same thing, and in the same terms, in Deuteronomy 32:8 (the Septuagint): "He fixed the bounds of nations in accordance with the number of the gods." Again, if our texts assert that the victorious lord then "created" summer and winter, his words find a perfect parallel in Enuma Elish tablet 5 line 3 where the triumphant Marduk is said to have "fixed the year and prescribed limitations [namely seasons]." ...
Theodor H. Gaster, Thespis: Ritual, Myth, and Drama in the Ancient Near East (Harper and Row, 1961), 449–450.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Enuma Elish V and Psalms 74:16

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