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Psalms

About this book
Psalm 140

1 For the music director, a psalm of David. O Lord, rescue me from wicked men. Protect me from violent men, 2 who plan ways to harm me. All day long they stir up conflict. 3 Their tongues wound like a serpent; a viper’s venom is behind their lips.⁠ (Selah) 4 O Lord, shelter me from the power of the wicked. Protect me from violent men, who plan to knock me over. 5 Proud men hide a snare for me; evil men spread a net by the path. They set traps for me. (Selah) 6 I say to the Lord, “You are my God.” O Lord, pay attention to my plea for mercy. 7 O Sovereign Lord, my strong deliverer, you shield my head in the day of battle. 8 O Lord, do not let the wicked have their way. Do not allow their plan to succeed when they attack. (Selah) 9 As for the heads of those who surround me—may the harm done by their lips overwhelm them. 10 May he rain down fiery coals upon them. May he throw them into the fire. From bottomless pits they will not escape.⁠ 11 A slanderer will not endure on the earth; calamity will hunt down a violent man and strike him down. 12 I know that the Lord defends the cause of the oppressed and vindicates the poor. 13 Certainly the godly will give thanks to your name; the morally upright will live in your presence.

Texts in conversation

Compare Code of Hammurabi §157 and Psalms 140:10

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Psalm 140, the call for enemies to be thrown into fire echoes a form of execution in the Code of Hammurabi, asking God to punish those who threaten the psalmist the same way human law punishes serious crimes.

Passages

Code of Hammurabi §157

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Babylonian Legal Text
155 If a man betroths a girl to his son, and his son has intercourse with her, but the father afterward defiles her and is caught, he shall be bound and thrown into the water. 156 If a man betroths a girl to his son, but his son has not known her, and the father defiles her, he shall pay her half a mina of gold and repay her everything she brought from her father's house, and she may marry the man of her heart. 157 If anyone is guilty of incest with his mother after his father's death, both shall be burned. 158 If anyone is caught after his father's death with his father's chief wife, who has borne children, he shall be driven out of his father's house.
1750 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Code of Hammurabi

Psalms 140:10

Hebrew Bible
7 O Sovereign Lord, my strong deliverer, you shield my head in the day of battle. 8 O Lord, do not let the wicked have their way. Do not allow their plan to succeed when they attack. (Selah) 9 As for the heads of those who surround me—may the harm done by their lips overwhelm them. 10 May he rain down fiery coals upon them. May he throw them into the fire. From bottomless pits they will not escape. 11 A slanderer will not endure on the earth; calamity will hunt down a violent man and strike him down. 12 I know that the Lord defends the cause of the oppressed and vindicates the poor. 13 Certainly the godly will give thanks to your name; the morally upright will live in your presence.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

“... 140:10. thrown into fire punishment. Burning was used as a form of execution as early as the Hammurabi laws. In fifth-century Persia (during the reign of Darius II, son of Artaxerxes), and in the second century (2 Macc 13:4-8), there are examples of execution by pushing into a bin of ashes. ...”
John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2000), 558.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Code of Hammurabi §157 and Psalms 140:10

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