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Psalms

About this book
Psalm 97

1 The Lord reigns. Let the earth be happy. Let the many coastlands rejoice. 2 Dark clouds surround him; equity and justice are the foundation of his throne. 3 Fire goes before him; on every side it burns up his enemies. 4 His lightning bolts light up the world; the earth sees and trembles. 5 The mountains melt like wax before the Lord,⁠ before the Lord of the whole earth. 6 The sky declares his justice, and all the nations see his splendor. 7 All who worship idols are ashamed, those who boast about worthless idols. All the gods bow down before him.⁠ 8 Zion hears and rejoices, the towns of Judah are happy, because of your judgments, O Lord. 9 For you, O Lord, are the Most High over the whole earth; you are elevated high above all gods. 10 You who love the Lord, hate evil! He protects the lives of his faithful followers; he delivers them from the power of the wicked. 11 The godly bask in the light; the morally upright experience joy. 12 You godly ones, rejoice in the Lord. Give thanks to his holy name.

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalm 97:5 and 1 Enoch 1:6

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

The opening of 1 Enoch echoes Psalm 97, which is itself connected to other descriptions of God in the Hebrew Bible, where the mountains melt. All draw on ancient Near Eastern traditions that use the language of volcanoes to describe deities.

Passages

Psalm 97:5

Hebrew Bible
3 Fire goes before him; on every side it burns up his enemies. 4 His lightning bolts light up the world; the earth sees and trembles. 5 The mountains melt like wax before the Lord, before the Lord of the whole earth. 6 The sky declares his justice, and all the nations see his splendor.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

1 Enoch 1:6

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
5 Everyone will be struck with fear and the Watchers will tremble, and great fear and trembling will grip them to the ends of the earth. 6 The high mountains will shake, the hills will be leveled, and they will melt like wax before the fire 7 The earth will be completely torn apart, and everything on it will perish, and there will be judgment upon all people.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

"... 1 Enoch 1:6-7 ... These verses depict the total distortion and disintegration of the earth in the presence of the divine Judge. Verse 6 reflects a traditional element in the descriptions of the events associated with a theophany: the mountains quake, fall, and break apart. The picture is enhanced by the simile of the mountains melting like wax before the fire. This image, which suggests an erupting volcano, probably derives from Micah 1:3-4, whose motifs were temporarily abandoned after verse 4. The image appears also in Psalm 97:5; Isaiah 64:1 LXX; Judith 16:15; compare Nahum 1:5. The text describes the mightiest structures on earth - the everlasting mountains and hills - disintegrating helplessly before the presence of 'the Great Holy One' ..."
George W. E. Nickelsburg, A Commentary on the Book of 1 Enoch Chapters 1-36, 81-108 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001), 146.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalm 97:5 and 1 Enoch 1:6

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