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Psalms

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Psalm 91

1 As for you, the one who lives in the shelter of the Most High, and resides in the protective shadow of the Sovereign One— 2 I say this about the Lord, my shelter and my stronghold, my God in whom I trust— 3 he will certainly rescue you from the snare of the hunter and from the destructive plague. 4 He will shelter you with his wings; you will find safety under his wings. His faithfulness is like a shield or a protective wall.⁠ 5 You need not fear the terrors of the night, the arrow that flies by day,⁠ 6 the plague that stalks in the darkness, or the disease that ravages at noon. 7 Though a thousand may fall beside you, and a multitude on your right side, it will not reach you. 8 Certainly you will see it with your very own eyes—you will see the wicked paid back. 9 For you have taken refuge in the Lord, my shelter, the Most High. 10 No harm will overtake you; no illness will come near your home. 11 For he will order his angels to protect you in all you do.⁠ 12 They will lift you up in their hands, so you will not slip and fall on a stone. 13 You will subdue a lion and a snake; you will trample underfoot a young lion and a serpent.⁠ 14 The Lord says, “Because he is devoted to me, I will deliver him; I will protect him because he is loyal to me. 15 When he calls out to me, I will answer him. I will be with him when he is in trouble; I will rescue him and bring him honor. 16 I will satisfy him with long life and will let him see my salvation.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 23:20 and Psalm 91:11

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Exodus 23 and Psalm 91 share a common ancient Near Eastern image of divine messengers and protectors. In Exodus, this figure leads Israel through the wilderness and acts with divine authority while Psalm 91 promises that angels will guard the faithful.

Passages

Exodus 23:20

Hebrew Bible
18 “You must not offer the blood of my sacrifice with bread containing yeast; the fat of my festal sacrifice must not remain until morning. 19 The first of the firstfruits of your soil you must bring to the house of the Lord your God. “You must not cook a young goat in its mother’s milk. 20 “I am going to send a messenger before you to protect you as you journey and to bring you into the place that I have prepared. 21 Take heed because of him, and obey his voice; do not rebel against him, for he will not pardon your transgressions, for my Name is in him. 22 But if you diligently obey him and do all that I command, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and I will be an adversary to your adversaries.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Psalm 91:11

Hebrew Bible
9 For you have taken refuge in the Lord, my shelter, the Most High. 10 No harm will overtake you; no illness will come near your home. 11 For he will order his angels to protect you in all you do. 12 They will lift you up in their hands, so you will not slip and fall on a stone. 13 You will subdue a lion and a snake; you will trample underfoot a young lion and a serpent.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

"... Messenger gods are attested throughout Iron Age Syro-Palestine. Several biblical texts, the dating of which is still in dispute (although an early postexilic option is more probable), mention divine beings with similar menial tasks outside of the divine council itself. One apparent undertaking is to protect the travelers who place their trust in YHWH (Genesis 24:7, 40; Exodus 14:19; 23:20-23; 32:34; 33:2; Psalm 91:11-12). They protect YHWH’s elect (Genesis 19:1-22) and destroy YHWH’s enemies at his command (Genesis 32:25-29; Psalm 78:49). In the rare instances in which they do not make meteoric appearances, they are even indistinguishable from humans in form (Genesis 18:1-19:22; 32:25-31). They nevertheless bear the name and authority of YHWH and YHWH, as already noted, may be present in them (Exodus 23:20-22). The most remarkable step in the angelification of the gods is the Septuagint’s use of ἄγγελος instead of θεός for beings who have no discernable communicative functions ..."
Silviu Nicolae Bunta, The Lord God of Gods: Divinity and Deification in Early Judaism (Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias, 2021), 113.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 23:20 and Psalm 91:11

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