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Psalms

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Psalm 139

1 For the music director, a psalm of David. O Lord, you examine me and know me. 2 You know when I sit down and when I get up; even from far away you understand my motives. 3 You carefully observe me when I travel or when I lie down to rest; you are aware of everything I do. 4 Certainly my tongue does not frame a word without you, O Lord, being thoroughly aware of it. 5 You squeeze me in from behind and in front; you place your hand on me. 6 Your knowledge is beyond my comprehension; it is so far beyond me, I am unable to fathom it.⁠ 7 Where can I go to escape your Spirit? Where can I flee to escape your presence? 8 If I were to ascend to heaven, you would be there. If I were to sprawl out in Sheol, there you would be. 9 If I were to fly away on the wings of the dawn and settle down on the other side of the sea, 10 even there your hand would guide me, your right hand would grab hold of me. 11 If I were to say, “Certainly the darkness will cover me, and the light will turn to night all around me,” 12 even the darkness is not too dark for you to see, and the night is as bright as day; darkness and light are the same to you. 13 Certainly you made my kidneys21; you wove me together in my mother’s womb.⁠ 14 I will give you thanks because your deeds are awesome and amazing. You knew me thoroughly; 15 my frame* was not hidden from you, when I was made in secret and sewed together in the depths of the earth.⁠ 16 Your eyes saw me when I was inside the womb. All the days ordained for me were recorded in your scroll before one of them came into existence.⁠ 17 How difficult it is for me to fathom your thoughts about me, O God! How vast is their sum total. 18 If I tried to count them, they would outnumber the grains of sand. Even if I finished counting them, I would still have to contend with you. 19 If only you would kill the wicked, O God! Get away from me, you violent men! 20 They rebel against you and act deceitfully; your enemies lie. 21 O Lord, do I not hate those who hate you and despise those who oppose you?⁠ 22 I absolutely hate them; they have become my enemies. 23 Examine me, O God, and probe my thoughts. Test me, and know my concerns. 24 See if there is any idolatrous way in me, and lead me in the everlasting way.

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalm 139:20 and Matthew 5:44

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Psalm 139 describes a complete and uncompromising hatred of those who oppose God. In Matthew, Jesus teaches loving enemies and praying for persecutors, the change representing a new ethical and interpretive emphasis in later Jewish traditions.

Passages

Psalm 139:20

Hebrew Bible
17 How difficult it is for me to fathom your thoughts about me, O God! How vast is their sum total. 18 If I tried to count them, they would outnumber the grains of sand. Even if I finished counting them, I would still have to contend with you. 19 If only you would kill the wicked, O God! Get away from me, you violent men! 20 They rebel against you and act deceitfully; your enemies lie. 21 O Lord, do I not hate those who hate you and despise those who oppose you? 22 I absolutely hate them; they have become my enemies. 23 Examine me, O God, and probe my thoughts. Test me, and know my concerns. 24 See if there is any idolatrous way in me, and lead me in the everlasting way.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

Matthew 5:44

New Testament
42 Give to the one who asks you, and do not reject the one who wants to borrow from you. 43 “You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor’ and ‘hate your enemy.’ 44 But I say to you, love your enemy and pray for those who persecute you, 45 so that you may be like your Father in heaven, since he causes the sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. 46 For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Even the tax collectors do the same, don’t they?
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

References

"... it has to be noted that there are grave limitations in the Psalms concerning the scope of forgiveness. If, as we have seen, there are only a few places where it is suggested that we should forgive others, there are unfortunately many other passages in which the Psalmist curses his enemies and prays for their destruction. God is invoked as a God of vengeance (Psalms 54:1; 94:1). We are to hate our enemies with a ‘perfect hatred’ (Psalm 139:22) ... When we turn, however, from the Old Testament to the new, we are at once impressed by a manifest and remarkable contrast. nowhere in the Gospels does Christ instruct us to hate our enemies: He tells us, on the contrary, ‘love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you’ (Matt. 5:44) ..."
Sarah Coakley, “On Fearfulness of Forgiveness: Psalm 130.4 and Its Theological Implications,” in Meditations of the Heart: The Psalms in Early Christian Thought and Practice, ed. Andreas Andreopoulos, Augustine Casiday, and Carol Harrison (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers n.v., 2011), 61–62.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalm 139:20 and Matthew 5:44

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