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Psalms

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Psalm 139

1 For the music director, a psalm of David. O Lord, you examine me and know me. 2 You know when I sit down and when I get up; even from far away you understand my motives. 3 You carefully observe me when I travel or when I lie down to rest; you are aware of everything I do. 4 Certainly my tongue does not frame a word without you, O Lord, being thoroughly aware of it. 5 You squeeze me in from behind and in front; you place your hand on me. 6 Your knowledge is beyond my comprehension; it is so far beyond me, I am unable to fathom it.⁠ 7 Where can I go to escape your Spirit? Where can I flee to escape your presence? 8 If I were to ascend to heaven, you would be there. If I were to sprawl out in Sheol, there you would be. 9 If I were to fly away on the wings of the dawn and settle down on the other side of the sea, 10 even there your hand would guide me, your right hand would grab hold of me. 11 If I were to say, “Certainly the darkness will cover me, and the light will turn to night all around me,” 12 even the darkness is not too dark for you to see, and the night is as bright as day; darkness and light are the same to you. 13 Certainly you made my kidneys21; you wove me together in my mother’s womb.⁠ 14 I will give you thanks because your deeds are awesome and amazing. You knew me thoroughly; 15 my frame* was not hidden from you, when I was made in secret and sewed together in the depths of the earth.⁠ 16 Your eyes saw me when I was inside the womb. All the days ordained for me were recorded in your scroll before one of them came into existence.⁠ 17 How difficult it is for me to fathom your thoughts about me, O God! How vast is their sum total. 18 If I tried to count them, they would outnumber the grains of sand. Even if I finished counting them, I would still have to contend with you. 19 If only you would kill the wicked, O God! Get away from me, you violent men! 20 They rebel against you and act deceitfully; your enemies lie. 21 O Lord, do I not hate those who hate you and despise those who oppose you?⁠ 22 I absolutely hate them; they have become my enemies. 23 Examine me, O God, and probe my thoughts. Test me, and know my concerns. 24 See if there is any idolatrous way in me, and lead me in the everlasting way.

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Compare Psalm 139:16 and A Prayer to Nabu

Hebrew Bible · Ancient Near East, Babylonian

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Summary

Psalm 139 refers to a heavenly scroll that is said to describe the destiny of individuals, an idea based on ancient Near Eastern traditions, such as a prayer to the god Nabu, who recorded the destinies of individuals on a heavenly tablet.

Passages

Psalm 139:16

Hebrew Bible
14 I will give you thanks because your deeds are awesome and amazing. You knew me thoroughly; 15 my frame* was not hidden from you, when I was made in secret and sewed together in the depths of the earth. 16 Your eyes saw me when I was inside the womb. All the days ordained for me were recorded in your scroll before one of them came into existence. 17 How difficult it is for me to fathom your thoughts about me, O God! How vast is their sum total.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

A Prayer to Nabu

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
O Nabu, true heir, exalted vizier, foremost among the great ones, beloved of Marduk, look upon me with favor and delight. Regard my deeds kindly, and grant me as your gift enduring life, the fullness of great old age, the stability of my throne, the length of my reign, the downfall of my enemies, and dominion over hostile lands. On your faithful tablet, which sets the boundaries of heaven and the netherworld, decree the length of my days; record for me a life of many years. Before Marduk, king of heaven and the netherworld, the father who brought you forth, make my deeds acceptable and establish my well-being. Place these words upon your lips: “Nebuchadnezzar is truly king, the one who provides.”
600 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in A Prayer to Nabu

References

"... The gods in Mesopotamia were considered the determiners of destiny, and they wrote their decisions on “tablets of destiny” (ṭuppi šīmāti). Nabu, the divine scribe, was in possession of these records, and kings frequently offered their prayers to him. Thus, Ashurbanipal addresses the deity ... the existence of other heavenly ledgers which record man’s deeds are also well attested, “the tablet of his misdeeds, errors, crimes, oaths,” and ṭuppu damiqti “the tablet of his good deeds.” Such records of divine scribal activity are also alluded to several times in the Bible ..."
Shalom M. Paul, “Heavenly Tablets and the Book of Life,” JANES 5 (1973): 345–354.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Psalm 139:16 and A Prayer to Nabu

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