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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 31

1 The words of King Lemuel, an oracle that his mother taught him: 2 O my son, O son of my womb, O son of my vows, 3 do not give your strength to women, nor your ways to that which ruins kings. 4 It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine or for rulers to crave strong drink, 5 lest they drink and forget what is decreed and remove from all the poor their legal rights. 6 Give strong drink to the one who is perishing and wine to those who are bitterly distressed; 7 let them drink and forget their poverty, and remember their misery no more. 8 Open your mouth on behalf of those unable to speak, for the legal rights of all the dying. 9 Open your mouth, judge in righteousness, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.⁠ 10 Who can find a wife of noble character? For her value is far more than rubies.⁠ 11 Her husband’s heart has trusted her, and he does not lack the dividends. 12 She has rewarded him with good and not harm all the days of her life. 13 She sought out wool and flax, then worked happily with her hands. 14 She was like the merchant ships; she would bring in her food from afar. 15 Then she rose while it was still night, and provided food for her household and a portion to her female servants. 16 She considered a field and bought it; from her own income she planted a vineyard.⁠ 17 She clothed herself in might, and she strengthened her arms. 18 She perceived that her merchandise was good. Her lamp would not go out in the night. 19 She extended her hands to the spool, and her hands grasped the spindle. 20 She opened her hand to the poor, and extended her hands to the needy.⁠ 21 She would not fear for her household in winter, because all her household were clothed with scarlet,⁠ 22 because she had made coverings for herself; and because her clothing was fine linen and purple. 23 Her husband is well known in the city gate when he sits with the elders of the land. 24 She made linen garments then sold them and traded belts to the merchants; 25 her clothing was strong and splendid; and she laughed at the time to come. 26 She has opened her mouth with wisdom, with loving instruction on her tongue. 27 Watching over the ways of her household, she would not eat the bread of idleness. 28 Her children have risen and called her blessed; her husband also has praised her: 29 “Many daughters have done valiantly, but you have surpassed them all!” 30 Charm is deceitful and beauty is fleeting. A woman who fears the Lord—she makes herself praiseworthy. 31 Give her credit for what she has accomplished, and let her works praise her in the city gates.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Code of Hammurabi §108 and Proverbs 31:16

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The businesswoman in Proverbs 31 shares the economic independence of the female tavern keeper in the Code of Hammurabi, but her purchase of land gives the praised woman a wider business role than the work of selling drink.

Passages

Code of Hammurabi §108

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Babylonian Legal Text
106 If the agent accepts money from the merchant but then disputes it with the merchant and denies receiving it, the merchant shall swear before the god and witnesses that he gave the money to the agent, and the agent shall pay him three times the sum. 107 If the merchant cheats the agent by denying that the agent returned everything given to him, the agent shall convict the merchant before the god and the judges, and the merchant, because he denied receiving what the agent gave him, shall pay the agent six times the sum. 108 If a woman tavern-keeper does not accept grain at its gross weight in payment for drink but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the grain, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water.
1750 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Code of Hammurabi

Proverbs 31:16

Hebrew Bible
15 Then she rose while it was still night, and provided food for her household and a portion to her female servants. 16 She considered a field and bought it; from her own income she planted a vineyard. 17 She clothed herself in might, and she strengthened her arms. 18 She perceived that her merchandise was good. Her lamp would not go out in the night. 19 She extended her hands to the spool, and her hands grasped the spindle. 20 She opened her hand to the poor, and extended her hands to the needy. 21 She would not fear for her household in winter, because all her household were clothed with scarlet, 22 because she had made coverings for herself; and because her clothing was fine linen and purple.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

References

“... 31:16-24. business enterprises for women. Hammurabi’s Code contains several laws regulating the activities of Babylonian women who operate inns or taverns. However, this may not be construed in the same light as having the ability to buy a field or sell finely dyed and woven garments as a professional seamstress. The idealized picture of the “perfect wife” in this proverb goes beyond anything that the biblical text elsewhere suggests was open to women. Ordinarily they did not have the legal standing to purchase land, although they certainly worked hard with their families to cultivate it and deal with its produce. The one industry mentioned in ancient Near Eastern texts that was open to female enterprise was weaving, and this may be the model for all the other activities. ...”
John H. Walton, Victor H. Matthews, and Mark W. Chavalas, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2000), 570.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Code of Hammurabi §108 and Proverbs 31:16

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