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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 30

1 The words of Agur, the son of Jakeh; an oracle: This man says to Ithiel, to Ithiel and to Ukal: 2 Surely I am more brutish than any other human being, and I do not have human understanding; 3 I have not learned wisdom, nor can I have knowledge of the Holy One. 4 Who has ascended into heaven, and then descended? Who has gathered up the winds in his fists? Who has bound up the waters in his cloak? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is his name, and what is his son’s name? Surely you can know! 5 Every word of God is purified; he is like a shield for those who take refuge in him. 6 Do not add to his words, lest he reprove you and prove you to be a liar.⁠ 7 Two things I have asked from you; do not refuse me before I die: 8 Remove falsehood and lies far from me; do not give me poverty or riches; feed me with my allotted portion of bread,⁠ 9 lest I become satisfied and act deceptively and say, “Who is the Lord?” Or lest I become poor and steal and demean the name of my God. 10 Do not slander a servant to his master, lest he curse you, and you are found guilty. 11 There is a generation who curse their fathers and do not bless their mothers. 12 There is a generation who are pure in their own opinion and yet are not washed from their filthiness. 13 There is a generation whose eyes are so lofty and whose eyelids are lifted up disdainfully. 14 There is a generation whose teeth are like swords and whose molars are like knives to devour the poor from the earth and the needy from among the human race. 15 The leech has two daughters: “Give! Give!” There are three things that will never be satisfied, four that have never said, “Enough”— 16 the grave, the barren womb; earth has not been satisfied with water;⁠ and fire has never said, “Enough!”⁠ 17 The eye that mocks at a father and despises obeying a mother—the ravens of the valley will peck it out, and the young vultures will eat it. 18 There are three things that are too wonderful for me, four that I do not understand: 19 the way of an eagle in the sky, the way of a snake on a rock, the way of a ship in the sea, and the way of a man with a woman. 20 This is the way of an adulterous woman: She has eaten and wiped her mouth and has said, “I have not done wrong.” 21 Under three things the earth has trembled, and under four things it cannot bear up: 22 under a servant who becomes king, under a fool who becomes stuffed with food, 23 under an unloved woman who becomes married, and under a female servant who dispossesses her mistress. 24 There are four things on earth that are small, but they are exceedingly wise: 25 Ants are creatures with little strength, but they prepare their food in the summer; 26 rock badgers are creatures with little power, but they make their homes in the crags; 27 locusts have no king, but they all go forward by ranks; 28 a lizard you can catch with the hand, but it gets into the palaces of the king. 29 There are three things that are magnificent in their step, four things that move about magnificently: 30 a lion, mightiest of the beasts, who does not retreat from anything; 31 a strutting rooster, a male goat, and a king with his army around him. 32 If you have done foolishly by exalting yourself or if you have planned evil, put your hand over your mouth! 33 For as the churning of milk produces butter and as punching the nose produces blood, so stirring up anger produces strife.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 4:2 and Proverbs 30:6

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Proverbs repeats Deuteronomy’s command to not add or subtract any of its words, following ancient Near Eastern traditions that protect covenants from being altered. Similar formulas appear in Mesopotamian texts, highlighting its common use.

Passages

Deuteronomy 4:2

Hebrew Bible
1 Now, Israel, pay attention to the statutes and ordinances I am about to teach you, so that you might live and go on to enter and take possession of the land that the Lord, the God of your ancestors, is giving you. 2 Do not add a thing to what I command you nor subtract from it, so that you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God that I am delivering to you. 3 You have witnessed what the Lord did at Baal Peor, how he eradicated from your midst everyone who followed Baal Peor. 4 But you who remained faithful to the Lord your God are still alive to this very day, every one of you.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Proverbs 30:6

Hebrew Bible
4 Who has ascended into heaven, and then descended? Who has gathered up the winds in his fists? Who has bound up the waters in his cloak? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is his name, and what is his son’s name? Surely you can know! 5 Every word of God is purified; he is like a shield for those who take refuge in him. 6 Do not add to his words, lest he reprove you and prove you to be a liar. 7 Two things I have asked from you; do not refuse me before I die: 8 Remove falsehood and lies far from me; do not give me poverty or riches; feed me with my allotted portion of bread,
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

References

"... the Bible’s own descriptions of text production feature a world where texts are generally written down from dictation for subsequent recitation and reference. (Fishbane notes possible echoes in Deuteronomy 4:2 and 13:1 (also compare Proverbs 30:6), of a Mesopotamian formula regarding exact copying—“not adding to or subtracting”—that is found in the Erra epic, a tradition that itself appears to have been transmitted through visual copying. Such claims of and exhortations to exact transmission, however, also have parallels in oral tradition) Oral vocalization aided the internalization of such texts by a literate elite, and this elite then could perform such texts (possibly still using a written copy) for a broader, illiterate populace. Thus, long-duration Israelite texts, like their counterparts in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, were transmitted dually—in written media and in the minds and hearts of those who had ingested them ..."
David M. Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 160.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 4:2 and Proverbs 30:6

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