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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 22

1 A good name is to be chosen rather than great wealth, good favor more than silver or gold. 2 The rich and the poor are met together; the Lord is the Creator of them both. 3 A shrewd person saw danger and hid himself, but the naive passed on by and paid for it. 4 The reward for humility and fearing the Lord is riches and honor and life. 5 Thorns and snares are in the path of the perverse, but the one who guards himself keeps far from them. 6 Train a child in the way that he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it. 7 The rich rule over the poor, and the borrower is servant to the lender. 8 The one who sows iniquity will reap trouble, and the rod of his fury will end. 9 A person with a good eye23 will be blessed, for he has given some of his food to the poor.⁠ 10 Drive out the scorner and contention will leave; strife and insults will cease. 11 The one who loves a pure heart and whose speech is gracious—the king will be his friend. 12 The eyes of the Lord watched over a cause and subverted the words of the treacherous person. 13 The sluggard has said, “There is a lion outside! I will be killed in the middle of the streets!” 14 The mouth of an adulteress is like a deep pit; the one against whom the Lord is angry will fall into it. 15 Folly is bound up in the heart of a child, but the rod of discipline will drive it far from him. 16 The one who oppresses the poor to increase his own gain and the one who gives to the rich—both end up only in poverty. 17 Incline your ear and listen to the words of the wise, and apply your mind to my instruction. 18 For it is pleasing if you keep these sayings within you, and they are ready on your lips. 19 So that your confidence may be in the Lord, I hereby make them known to you today—even you. 20 Have I not written thirty sayings for you, sayings of counsel and knowledge, 21 to show you true and reliable words, so that you may give accurate answers to those who sent you? 22 Do not exploit a poor person because he is poor and do not crush the needy in court, 23 for the Lord will plead their case and will rob the life of those who are robbing them. 24 Do not make friends with an angry person, and do not associate with a wrathful person, 25 lest you learn his ways and entangle yourself in a snare. 26 Do not be one who strikes hands in pledge or who puts up security for debts. 27 If you do not have enough to pay, your bed will be taken right out from under you! 28 Do not move an ancient boundary stone that was put in place by your ancestors.⁠ 29 You have seen a person skilled in his work—he will take his position before kings; he will not take his position before obscure people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Instruction of Amenemope and Proverbs 22:28

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Proverbs 22 echoes the Egyptian Instruction of Amenemope by telling people not to move boundary markers or exploit the vulnerable. The similarity suggests a deliberate use of ancient Near Eastern traditions in biblical teaching.

Passages

Instruction of Amenemope

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Wisdom of Amenemope
Consider the thoughtful man that you may discover Life, and you yourself will flourish upon earth. Do not move the markers at the edges of the fields nor alter findings of the measuring-cord; Do not be greedy in distributing the holdings nor violate the boundaries of the widow. The furrows of the plough are cultivated for a lifetime— and the swindler covets them; But should he get them, lyingly and falsely, surely he will fall at last to the Moon's justice. Keep watch on one who does this while on earth— he is a despoiler of defenseless people, He is a foe, wreaking havoc on your very body, and malice dwells in his eye. His household is declared a public enemy and his granaries are leveled to the ground; They seize his goods out of his children's hands, and the little that he had is given to another. Avoid unsettling the boundaries of the fields that the fear which you inspire may be ended;
1300 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Instruction of Amenemope

Proverbs 22:28

Hebrew Bible
26 Do not be one who strikes hands in pledge or who puts up security for debts. 27 If you do not have enough to pay, your bed will be taken right out from under you! 28 Do not move an ancient boundary stone that was put in place by your ancestors. 29 You have seen a person skilled in his work—he will take his position before kings; he will not take his position before obscure people.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

References

"... The verbal correspondence between the sayings makes likely a close relationship, probably as part of a writing-supported cognitive process of transmission, as seen in the typical sort of memory variation between the words for making a border in Proverbs 22:28 ( עשה ) and Deuteronomy 19:14 ( גבל ). 35 In addition, at least two factors suggest that Deut 19:14 is the later of the two versions. First, Deuteronomy 19:14 represents an elaboration of the saying compared to its briefer counterpart, indeed an elaboration featuring typically Deuteronomic language for “inheriting” the land that “YHWH gave to take possession of it.” Second, it happens that Proverbs 22:28 is part of a section of Proverbs that is particularly closely related to the ancient Egyptian Instruction of Amenemope, and this saying in Proverbs 22:28 parallels a saying in Amenemope about moving borders (7:12–8:19). Therefore, it is much more likely that the briefer formulation in Proverbs 22:28, an adaptation of its parallel in Amenemope, is the earlier version, while Deuteronomy 19:14 is a later adaptation and elaboration ..."
David McLain Carr, The Formation of the Hebrew Bible: A New Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 416.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Instruction of Amenemope and Proverbs 22:28

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