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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 21

1 The king’s heart is in the hand of the Lord like channels of water; he turns it wherever he wants.⁠ 2 All a person’s ways seem right in his own opinion, but the Lord evaluates his thoughts. 3 To do righteousness and justice is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice. 4 Haughty eyes and a proud heart—what the wicked cultivate is sin. 5 The plans of the diligent lead only to plenty, but everyone who is hasty comes only to poverty. 6 Making a fortune by a lying tongue is like a vapor driven back and forth; they seek death. 7 The violence done by the wicked will drag them away because they have refused to do what is right. 8 The way of the guilty person is devious, but as for the pure, his way is upright. 9 It is better to live on a corner of the housetop than to share a house with a quarrelsome wife. 10 The appetite of the wicked has desired evil; his neighbor is shown no favor in his eyes. 11 When a scorner is punished, the naive becomes wise; when a wise person is instructed, he gains knowledge. 12 The Righteous One considers the house of the wicked; he overthrows the wicked to their ruin. 13 The one who shuts his ears to the cry of the poor, he too will cry out and will not be answered. 14 A gift given in secret subdues anger, and a bribe given secretly subdues strong wrath. 15 Doing justice brings joy to the righteous and terror to those who do evil. 16 The one who wanders from the way of wisdom will end up in the company of the departed. 17 The one who loves pleasure will be a poor person; whoever loves wine and anointing oil will not be rich. 18 The wicked become a ransom for the righteous, and the treacherous are taken in the place of the upright. 19 It is better to live in the wilderness than with a quarrelsome and easily provoked woman. 20 There is desirable treasure and olive oil in the dwelling of the wise, but a foolish person devours all he has. 21 The one who pursues righteousness and love finds life, bounty, and honor.⁠ 22 A wise man went up against the city of the mighty and brought down the stronghold in which they trust. 23 The one who guards his mouth and his tongue keeps his life from troubles. 24 A proud and arrogant person, whose name is “Scoffer,” acts with overbearing pride. 25 What the sluggard desires will kill him, for his hands have refused to work. 26 All day long he has craved greedily, but the righteous person gives and does not hold back. 27 The wicked person’s sacrifice is an abomination; how much more when he brings it with evil intent! 28 A lying witness will perish, but the one who reports accurately speaks forever. 29 A wicked person has put on a bold face, but as for the upright, he establishes his ways. 30 There is no wisdom and there is no understanding, and there is no counsel against the Lord. 31 A horse is prepared for the day of battle, but the victory is from the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Proverbs 21:1 and Letter of Aristeas 18

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

Proverbs 21 says that God turns a king's heart wherever he wants and guides people's hearts toward justice. The Letter of Aristeas joins these separate sayings into one idea to explain why the king of Egypt agrees to free the Jewish captives.

Passages

Proverbs 21:1

Hebrew Bible
1 The king’s heart is in the hand of the Lord like channels of water; he turns it wherever he wants. 2 All a person’s ways seem right in his own opinion, but the Lord evaluates his thoughts. 3 To do righteousness and justice is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice. 4 Haughty eyes and a proud heart—what the wicked cultivate is sin. 5 The plans of the diligent lead only to plenty, but everyone who is hasty comes only to poverty. 6 Making a fortune by a lying tongue is like a vapor driven back and forth; they seek death. 7 The violence done by the wicked will drag them away because they have refused to do what is right.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

Letter of Aristeas 18

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · Letter of Aristeas to Philocrates
After a brief interval, while I was offering up an earnest prayer to God that He would turn the king's mind so that all the captives might be set at liberty-(for the human race, being the creation of God, is swayed and influenced by Him. Therefore with many different prayers I called on Him who rules the heart, so that the king might be constrained to grant my request. For I had great hopes with regard to the salvation of the men since I was assured that God would grant a fulfillment of my prayer. For when men from pure motives plan some action in the interest of righteousness and the performance of noble deeds, Almighty God brings their efforts and purposes to a successful issue) - the king raised his head and looking up at me with a cheerful expression asked, 'How many thousands do you think they will number?' Andreas, who was standing near, replied, 'A little more than a hundred thousand.' 'It is a small favor indeed,' said the king, 'that Aristeas asks of us!'
200–150 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Letter of Aristeas

References

“... M. Hadas and other commentators referred this passage to Proverbs 21:1, “The king’s heart is in the hand of the Lord as the water-courses: He turneth it whithersoever He will.” That reference, however, is neither complete nor sufficient. First, our passage alludes not only to Prov. 21:1, but to Prov. 21:2–3: “Every way of a man is right in his own eyes; but the Lord guides the hearts. To do justice and truth is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice.” [...] In other words, Aristeas not just alludes to Proverbs 21:1–3. He builds a midrash by contaminating two and a half verses, which originally were separate. ...”
Arkady Kovelman, Between Alexandria and Jerusalem: The Dynamic of Jewish and Hellenic Culture (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 113–114.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Proverbs 21:1 and Letter of Aristeas 18

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