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Proverbs

About this book
Chapter 20

1 Wine is a mocker and strong drink is a brawler; whoever goes astray by them is not wise. 2 The king’s terrifying anger is like the roar of a lion; whoever provokes him sins against himself. 3 It is an honor for a person to cease from strife, but every fool quarrels. 4 The sluggard will not plow during the planting season, so at harvest time he asks for grain but has nothing. 5 Counsel in a person’s heart is like deep water, but an understanding person draws it out. 6 Many people profess their loyalty, but a faithful person—who can find? 7 The righteous person behaves in integrity; blessed are his children after him. 8 A king sitting on the throne to judge separates out all evil with his eyes. 9 Who can say, “I have kept my heart clean; I am pure from my sin”?⁠ 10 Diverse weights and diverse measures—the Lord abhors both of them. 11 Even a young man is known by his actions, whether his activity is pure and whether it is right. 12 The ear that hears and the eye that sees—the Lord has made them both. 13 Do not love sleep, lest you become impoverished; open your eyes so that you might be satisfied with food. 14 “It’s worthless! It’s worthless!” says the buyer, but when he goes on his way, he boasts. 15 There is gold and an abundance of rubies, but words of knowledge are like a precious jewel. 16 Take a man’s garment when he has given security for a stranger, and hold him in pledge on behalf of strangers. 17 Bread gained by deceit tastes sweet to a person, but afterward his mouth will be filled with gravel. 18 Plans are established by counsel, so make war with guidance. 19 The one who goes about gossiping reveals secrets; therefore do not associate with someone who is always opening his mouth. 20 The one who curses his father and his mother, his lamp will be extinguished in the blackest darkness. 21 An inheritance gained easily in the beginning will not be blessed in the end. 22 Do not say, “I will pay back evil!” Wait for the Lord, so that he may vindicate you.⁠ 23 The Lord abhors differing weights, and dishonest scales are wicked. 24 The steps of a person are ordained by the Lord—so how can anyone understand his own way? 25 It is a snare for a person to rashly cry, “Holy!” and only afterward to consider what he has vowed. 26 A wise king separates out the wicked; he turns the threshing wheel over them. 27 The human spirit is like the lamp of the Lord, searching all his innermost parts.⁠ 28 Loyal love and truth preserve a king, and his throne is upheld by loyal love. 29 The glory of young men is their strength, and the splendor of old men is gray hair. 30 Beatings and wounds cleanse away evil, and floggings cleanse the innermost being.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 19:18 and Proverbs 20:22

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Leviticus 19 commands against vengeance and instructs love for one’s neighbor, with Proverbs 20 echoing the same principle by warning not to repay evil but to leave judgment to God. Both texts highlight how wisdom and legal texts often overlap.

Passages

Leviticus 19:18

Hebrew Bible
16 You must not go about as a slanderer among your people. You must not stand idly by when your neighbor’s life is at stake. I am the Lord. 17 You must not hate your brother in your heart. You must surely reprove your fellow citizen so that you do not incur sin on account of him. 18 You must not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you must love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord. 19 You must keep my statutes. You must not allow two different kinds of your animals to breed together, you must not sow your field with two different kinds of seed, and you must not wear a garment made of two different kinds of material.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Proverbs 20:22

Hebrew Bible
20 The one who curses his father and his mother, his lamp will be extinguished in the blackest darkness. 21 An inheritance gained easily in the beginning will not be blessed in the end. 22 Do not say, “I will pay back evil!” Wait for the Lord, so that he may vindicate you. 23 The Lord abhors differing weights, and dishonest scales are wicked. 24 The steps of a person are ordained by the Lord—so how can anyone understand his own way?
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Proverbs

References

"... It is well known that sapiential sayings influenced the legal codes of the Hebrew Bible. In addition, it has already been demonstrated that the legal codes of the ancient Near East and their style have influenced both the content and the style of sapiential aphorisms ... (Compare Proverbs 20:22; 24:29) The relationship between the two proverbs is reflected on three distinct levels. First, both proverbs belong to the literary category of instructions. Evidence that the two proverbs belong to this category includes both their identical opening formulas, “Do not say,” and their common subjects: one should not repay evil but let God punish the wicked. The expression “I will do to him as he did to me” is a fixed formula in Hebrew Scripture with respect to recompense ... even though it might be inferred from Proverbs 3:30 that it countenances quarreling with someone for a good reason—namely, that the other individual did harm—the proverb refers only to a verbal argument and nothing further. (Note Leviticus 19:18) The prohibition against repaying with evil a person who has done you harm is not unique to Hebrew Scripture. It is also found in other literatures of the ancient Near East ..."
Shamir Yona, “The Influence of Legal Style on the Style of Aphorism: The Origin of the Retribution Formula and the Clause lo yinnaqeh 'He Will Not Go Unpunished' in the Book of Proverbs,” in Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, ed. Chaim Cohen and Shalom M. Paul (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2008), 413–423.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 19:18 and Proverbs 20:22

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