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Moralia

About this book
Chapter 17

Furthermore, there are other disturbances which brothers of nearly the same age must guard against; they are but small, to be sure, yet continuous and frequent, and create a vicious practice of exasperating one another on all occasions, which at last ends in incurable hatred and malevolence. For having once begun to differ in childish matters, about the care of animals and their fights, as, for instance, those of quails or cocks, they then continue to differ about the contests of boys in the palaestra, of dogs on the hunt, and of horses at the races, until they are no longer able to control or subdue their contentious and ambitious spirit in more important matters. So the most powerful of the Greeks in my time, disagreeing first about rival dancers, then about harp-players, and afterwards by continually holding up to invidious comparison the swimming-baths and porticoes and banquet-halls at Aedepsus, and then manoeuvring for places and positions, and going on to cut off aqueducts and divert their waters, they became so savage and reckless that they were deprived of everything by the despot, and, becoming exiles and paupers and - I had almost said - something other than their former selves, they remained the same only in their hatred for one another. It is therefore of no slight importance to resist the spirit of contentiousness and jealousy among brothers when it first creeps in over trivial matters, practising the art of making mutual concessions, of learning to take defeat, and of taking pleasure in indulging brothers rather than in winning victories over them. For the men of old gave the name of "Cadmean victory" to no other than that of the brothers at Thebes, as being the most shameful and the worst of victories. What then? Do not practical affairs bring many occasions for controversy and dissension even to those who have the reputation of being an equitable and gentle disposition? Yes, certainly. But there also we must see to it that the affairs fight the battle quite by themselves, without our inserting into the contest, like a hook, as it were, any emotion arising from contentiousness or anger; but, keeping our eyes fixed impartially upon the swaying of Justice, as though we were watching a pair of balances, we should with all speed turn over the matter in dispute to the decision of a jury or of arbitrators, and cleanse its filth away before, like a dye or stain, it sinks into the fabric and its colours become fast and hard to wash out. We should next pattern ourselves after the Pythagoreans, who, though related not at all by birth, yet sharing a common discipline, if ever they were led by anger into recrimination, never let the sun go down before they joined right hands, embraced each other, and were reconciled.⁠ For just as it is nothing alarming if a fever attends a swelling in the groin, but if the fever persists when the swelling is gone, it is thought to be a malady and to have a deeper origin: so when the dissension of brothers ceases after the matter in dispute is settled, the dissension was caused by the matter; but if it remains, the matter was but a pretext and contained some malignant and festering reason.

Texts in conversation

Compare Plutarch, Moralia 17 and Ephesians 4:26

Classical · New Testament

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Summary

Ephesians gives advice similar to Plutarch's Moralia, which urges resolving anger before night. Plutarch credits the Pythagoreans for his advice, suggesting this was a common moral teaching also adapted for a Christian audience.

Passages

Plutarch, Moralia 17

Classical
We should next pattern ourselves after the Pythagoreans, who, though related not at all by birth, yet sharing a common discipline, if ever they were led by anger into recrimination, never let the sun go down before they joined right hands, embraced each other, and were reconciled. For just as it is nothing alarming if a fever attends a swelling in the groin, but if the fever persists when the swelling is gone, it is thought to be a malady and to have a deeper origin: so when the dissension of brothers ceases after the matter in dispute is settled, the dissension was caused by the matter; but if it remains, the matter was but a pretext and contained some malignant and festering reason.
75–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Plutarch, Moralia

Ephesians 4:26

New Testament
25 Therefore, having laid aside falsehood, each one of you speak the truth with his neighbor because we are members of one another. 26 Be angry and do not sin; do not let the sun go down on the cause of your anger. 27 Do not give the devil an opportunity. 28 The one who steals must steal no longer; instead he must labor, doing good with his own hands, so that he will have something to share with the one who has need. 29 You must let no unwholesome word come out of your mouth, but only what is beneficial for the building up of the one in need, that it would give grace to those who hear.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ephesians

References

"... membership in the community implies an attitude toward other people that precludes lying. Exhortations against excessive or unjustified anger as in 4:26 were well known in the ancient Mediterranean world, as were, apparently, supporting sayings like "Do not let the sun set on your anger". This saying, together with the following "give no place to the devil" (4:27) provides implicit and rhetorical support for being angry without sin by suggesting that prolonged anger is wrong and may be an area that allows one to be susceptible to potential evil ..."
Roy Roger Jeal, The Relationship between Theology and Ethics in the Letter to the Ephesians (University of Sheffield, 1990), 243–244.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Plutarch, Moralia 17 and Ephesians 4:26

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