1 The sages taught in the language of the mishnah. Blessed be He who chose them and their teaching. Rabbi Meir said: Whoever occupies himself with the Torah for its own sake merits many things; not only that, but he is worth the whole world. He is called beloved friend, one who loves God, one who loves humankind, one who gladdens God, one who gladdens humankind. The Torah clothes him in humility and reverence, and equips him to be righteous, pious, upright, and trustworthy. It keeps him far from sin and brings him near to merit. People benefit from his counsel, sound knowledge, understanding, and strength, as it is said, "Counsel is mine and sound wisdom; I am understanding, strength is mine" (Proverbs 8:14). It bestows upon him royalty, dominion, and acuteness in judgment. To him are revealed the secrets of the Torah, and he is made like an ever-flowing spring, and like a stream that never ceases. He becomes modest, patient, and forgiving of insult.⁠a And it magnifies him and exalts him over everything.⁠b 2 Rabbi Joshua ben Levi said: every day a bat kol (a heavenly voice) goes out from Mount Horeb, proclaiming: "Woe to humankind for their contempt towards the Torah," for whoever does not occupy himself with the study of Torah is called nazuf, rebuked, as it is said, "Like a gold ring in the snout of a pig is a beautiful woman bereft of sense"⁠c (Proverbs 11:22). And it says, "And the tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved upon the tablets" (Exodus 32:16). Read not haruth ("engraved") but heruth ("freedom"), for there is no free man but one who occupies himself with the study of the Torah. And whoever regularly occupies himself with the study of the Torah is surely exalted,⁠d as it is said, "And from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and Nahaliel to Bamoth" (Numbers 21:19). 3 One who learns from his fellow one chapter, or one halakhah, or one verse, or one word, or even one letter, is obligated to treat him with honor; for so we find with David, king of Israel, who learned from Ahitophel no more than two things, yet called him his master, his guide, and his beloved friend, as it is said, "But it was you, a man my equal, my guide and my beloved friend" (Psalms 55:14). Is this not an instance of the argument "from the less to the greater" (kal vehomer)? If David, king of Israel, who learned from Ahitophel no more than two things, nevertheless called him his master, his guide, and his beloved friend, then in the case of one who learns from his fellow one chapter, or one halakhah, or one verse, or one word, or even one letter, all the more so is he obligated to treat him with honor. And "honor" means nothing but Torah, as it is said, "It is honor that sages inherit" (Proverbs 3:35). "And the perfect shall inherit good" (Proverbs 28:10), and "good" means nothing but Torah, as it is said, "For I give you good instruction; do not forsake my Torah" (Proverbs 4:2). 4 This is the way of a life of Torah: you shall eat bread with salt, drink water by measure, sleep on the ground, live a life of hardship, and labor in the Torah. If you do this, "Happy shall you be and it shall be good for you" (Psalms 128:2): "Happy shall you be" in this world, "and it shall be good for you" in the world to come. 5 Do not seek greatness for yourself, and do not covet honor. Practice more than you learn. Do not yearn for the table of kings, for your table is greater than their table, and your crown is greater than their crown, and your employer can be trusted to pay you the reward of your labor. 6 Greater is learning Torah than the priesthood and than royalty, for royalty is acquired by thirty stages, and the priesthood by twenty-four, but the Torah by forty-eight things: By study, Attentive listening, Proper speech, By an understanding heart, By an intelligent heart, By awe, By fear, By humility, By joy, By attending to the sages, By critical give and take with friends, By fine argumentation with disciples, By clear thinking, By study of Scripture, By study of mishnah, By a minimum of sleep, By a minimum of chatter, By a minimum of pleasure, By a minimum of frivolity, By a minimum of preoccupation with worldly matters, By patience, By generosity, By faith in the sages, By acceptance of suffering. Learning of Torah is also acquired by one Who recognizes his place, Who rejoices in his portion, Who makes a fence about his words, Who takes no credit for himself, Who is loved, Who loves God, Who loves his fellow creatures, Who loves righteous ways, Who loves reproof, Who loves uprightness, Who keeps himself far from honors, Who does not become arrogant over his learning, Who does not delight in giving legal decisions, Who shares in the bearing of a burden with his colleague, Who judges him with the scale weighted in his favor, Who leads him on to truth, Who leads him on to peace, Who composes himself at his study, Who asks and answers, Who listens to others and himself adds to his knowledge, Who learns in order to teach, Who learns in order to practice, Who makes his teacher wiser, Who is exact in what he has learned, And who says a thing in the name of him who said it. Thus you have learned: everyone who says a thing in the name of him who said it brings deliverance into the world, as it is said: "And Esther told the king in Mordecai's name" (Esther 2:22). 7 Great is Torah, for it gives life to those who practice it, in this world and in the world to come,⁠e as it is said: "For they are life to those who find them, and health to all their flesh" (Proverbs 4:22). And it says: "It will be a cure for your navel and marrow for your bones" (ibid. 3:8). And it says: "She is a tree of life to those who grasp her, and whoever holds onto her is happy" (ibid. 3:18). And it says: "For they are a graceful wreath upon your head, a necklace about your throat" (ibid. 1:9). And it says: "She will adorn your head with a graceful wreath; crown you with a glorious diadem" (ibid. 4:9). And it says: "In her right hand is length of days, in her left riches and honor" (ibid. 3:16). And it says: "For they will bestow on you length of days, years of life and peace" (ibid. 3:2). 8 Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yohai: Beauty, strength, riches, honor, wisdom, old age, gray hair, and children befit the righteous and befit the world, as it is said: "Gray hair is a crown of glory; it is attained by way of righteousness" (Proverbs 16:31). And it says: "The ornament of the wise is their wealth" (ibid. 14:24). And it says: "The glory of youths is their strength; and the beauty of old men is their gray hair" (ibid. 20:29). And it says: "Grandchildren are the glory of their elders, and the glory of children is their parents" (ibid. 17:6). And it says: "Then the moon shall be ashamed, and the sun shall be abashed. For the Lord of Hosts will reign on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem, and God's Honor will be revealed to his elders" (Isaiah 24:23). Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya said: these seven qualities, which the sages have listed as befitting the righteous, were all of them fulfilled in Rabbi and his sons. 9 Rabbi Yose ben Kisma said: Once I was walking on the road when a man met me and greeted me, and I greeted him. He said to me, "Rabbi, where are you from?" I said to him, "I am from a great city of sages and scribes." He said to me, "Rabbi, would you consider living with us in our place? I would give you a million gold denarii, and precious stones and pearls." I said to him: "My son, even if you were to give me all the silver and gold, precious stones and pearls that are in the world, I would not dwell anywhere except in a place of Torah; for when a man passes away, neither gold nor silver nor precious stones nor pearls accompany him, but only Torah and good deeds, as it is said, 'When you walk it will lead you. When you lie down it will watch over you; and when you are awake it will talk with you' (Proverbs 6:22). 'When you walk it will lead you' in this world. 'When you lie down it will watch over you' in the grave. 'And when you are awake it will talk with you' in the world to come. And thus it is written in the book of Psalms by David, king of Israel, 'I prefer the teaching You proclaimed to thousands of pieces of gold and silver' (Psalms 119:72). And it says: 'Mine is the silver, and mine the gold, says the Lord of Hosts' (Haggai 2:8)." 10 Five possessions did the Holy Blessed One set aside as His own in this world, and these are they: The Torah, one possession; Heaven and earth, another possession; Abraham, another possession; Israel, another possession; The Temple, another possession. The Torah is one possession. From where do we know this? Since it is written, "The Lord possessed (often translated as 'created') me at the beginning of His course, at the first of His works of old" (Proverbs 8:22). Heaven and earth, another possession. From where do we know this? Since it is said: "Thus said the Lord: The heaven is My throne and the earth is My footstool; Where could you build a house for Me, What place could serve as My abode?" (Isaiah 66:1). And it says: "How many are the things You have made, O Lord; You have made them all with wisdom; the earth is full of Your possessions" (Psalms 104:24). Abraham is another possession. From where do we know this? Since it is written: "He blessed him, saying, 'Blessed be Abram of God Most High, Possessor of heaven and earth'" (Genesis 14:19). Israel is another possession. From where do we know this? Since it is written: "Till Your people cross over, O Lord, Till Your people whom You have possessed" (Exodus 15:16). And it says: "As to the holy and mighty ones that are in the land, my whole desire (possession) is in them" (Psalms 16:3). The Temple is another possession. From where do we know this? Since it is said: "The sanctuary, O Lord, which Your hands have established" (Exodus 15:17). And it says: "And He brought them to His holy realm, to the mountain, which His right hand had possessed" (Psalms 78:54). 11 Whatever the Holy Blessed One created in His world, He created only for His glory, as it is said: "All who are linked to My name, whom I have created, formed and made for My glory" (Isaiah 43:7). And it says: "The Lord shall reign for ever and ever" (Exodus 15:18). Rabbi Hananiah ben Akashya said: It pleased the Holy Blessed One to grant merit to Israel; that is why He gave them Torah and commandments in abundance, as it is said, "The Lord was pleased for His righteousness, to make Torah great and glorious" (Isaiah 42:21).