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On Dreams, Book 1

About this book
Chapter 39

(1.224) What reason, then, do we have to congratulate ourselves on the administration of political affairs as if we were clothed in a garment of many colours, deceived by its external splendour, and not perceiving its ugliness, which is kept out of sight, and hidden, and full of treachery and guile? (1.225) Let us then put off this flowery robe, and put on that sacred one woven with the embroideries of virtue; for in this way we shall escape the snares which lack of skill, and ignorance, and lack of knowledge, and education lay for us, whose companion is Laban. (1.226) For when the sacred word has purified us with the sprinklings prepared beforehand for purification, and when it has adorned us with the select reasonings of true philosophy, and, having led us to that man who has stood the test, has made us genuine, and conspicuous, and shining, it blames the treacherous disposition that seeks to rise up and invalidate what is said. (1.227) For the scripture says: "I have seen what Laban does to You," namely, things contrary to the benefits that I conferred on you, things impure, wicked, and altogether suited to darkness. But it is not right for the man who anchors his hope on the alliance of God to crouch and tremble: he is the man to whom God says, "I am the God who was seen by you in the place of God." (1.228) It is a very glorious boast for the soul that God should see fit to appear to it and converse with it. And do not pass by what is said here, but examine it accurately, and see whether there are really two Gods.⁠ For it is said: "I am the God who was seen by you;" not in my place, but in the place of God, as if he meant the place of some other God. (1.229) What, then, should we say? There is one true God only: but those called Gods, by an abuse of language, are many; and so on this occasion the holy scripture uses the article to indicate that the true God is meant, the expression being, "I am the God (ho Theos);" but when the word is used incorrectly, it is put without the article, the expression being, "He who was seen by you in the place," not of the God (tou Theou), but simply "of God" (Theou); (1.230) and what he here calls God is his most ancient word, without any superstitious regard for the position of the names, but setting himself only one goal, namely, to give a true account of the matter; for in other passages the sacred historian, when he considered whether there really was any name belonging to the living God, showed that he knew none properly belonged to him, and that whatever name anyone may give him will be an abuse of terms; for the living God is not of a nature to be described, but only to be.

Book 2

Texts in conversation

Compare Philo, On Dreams Book 1 39:4 and 3 Enoch 12:5

Classical · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

In Philo's On Dreams, he asks why God seems to refer to another god. In 3 Enoch, Metatron receives the title lesser YHWH, showing how a divine title can belong to a figure distinct from the God above him.

Passages

Philo, On Dreams Book 1 39:4

Classical
(1.227) For the scripture says: "I have seen what Laban does to You," namely, things contrary to the benefits that I conferred on you, things impure, wicked, and altogether suited to darkness. But it is not right for the man who anchors his hope on the alliance of God to crouch and tremble: he is the man to whom God says, "I am the God who was seen by you in the place of God." (1.228) It is a very glorious boast for the soul that God should see fit to appear to it and converse with it. And do not pass by what is said here, but examine it accurately, and see whether there are really two Gods. For it is said: "I am the God who was seen by you;" not in my place, but in the place of God, as if he meant the place of some other God.
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, On Dreams Book 1

3 Enoch 12:5

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Hebrew Book of Enoch
2 And He made me a robe of honour on which were fixed all kinds of beauty, splendour, brilliance and majesty. 3 And he made me a royal crown in which were fixed forty-nine costly stones like the light of the globe of the sun. 4 For its splendour went forth in the four quarters of the Araboth Raqia', and in (through) the seven heavens, and in the four quarters of the world. And he put it on my head. 5 And He called me THE LESSER YHWH in the presence of all His heavenly household; as it is written (Ex. xxiii. 21): "For my name is in him".
400–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Enoch

References

“... Within the complex of Jewish medieval mysticism, a number of scholars going back to Gershom Scholem have noted a par- ticularly telling case involving the angel Metatron in Sefer Hekhalot, also known as 3 Enoch. Thought to date to the fifth or sixth century CE/AD (but perhaps considerably later), this work refers to the angel Metatron as "the lesser Yahweh," literally, "Yahweh, the little one," yhwh hgtwn (3 Enoch 12:5).93 The characterization of MMetatron stands in contrast to "the greater Yahweh" (48B:1, name 44). As noted by scholars, Gnostic texts (e. g., Pistis Sophia, chapter 7, dating to the third century CE/AD) mention "the lesser Yao," which would seem to point to an early tradition of the double-form of Yhwh. The representation of "two powers in heaven" in the Talmudic account of Elisha ben Abuyah (called Aher) in Hagigah 15a,95 repeated in 3 Enoch 16, serves as the basis for Alan Segal's dating of this "bimorphic" view of divinity to at least the third century CE/AD, and perhaps even to the second century CE/AD.96 Segal considers 3 Enoch 12:5 in connection with Philo's view of the logos as "the second God" (noted above) as well as his use of "two gods" (De Somniis 1.227-229).97 While the formulations of "angel" and "word" may seem quite distinctive, for Philo these were already related for him in part by his scriptural interpretation, as Segal has observed. ...”
Mark S. Smith, God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World, FAT 57 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008), 295–296.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Philo, On Dreams Book 1 39:4 and 3 Enoch 12:5

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