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On Dreams, Book 1

About this book
Chapter 23

(1.146) Such, then, is the ladder in the world that is spoken of here symbolically. But if we carefully investigate the soul which exists in men, the foundation of which is something corporeal, and as it were earth-like, we shall find that its foundation is the outward sense, and its head something heavenly, as it were the purest mind. (1.147) But all the words of God move incessantly upwards and downwards through the whole of it, dragging it upwards along with them whenever they soar aloft, and separating it from whatever is mortal, and showing it the things that alone are worth seeing; and yet not casting it down when they descend. For neither God himself nor the word of God deserves blame. But they join with them in their descent, out of their love for mankind and compassion for our race, to be their allies and give them assistance, in order that by breathing in a saving inspiration they may recall to life the soul which was still being tossed about in the body as in the river. (1.148) The God and governor of the universe walks about by himself and alone, invisibly and noiselessly, in the minds of those who are purified in the highest degree. For there is a prophecy still extant, delivered to the wise man, in which it is said: "I will walk among you, and I will be your God." But the angels--the words of God--move about in the minds of those who are still being washed, but who have not yet completely washed off the life which defiles them, and which is polluted by the contact of their heavy bodies, making them look pure and brilliant to the eyes of virtue. (1.149) But it is plain enough what vast numbers of evils are driven out, and what a multitude of wicked inhabitants is expelled in order that one good man may be introduced to dwell there. So, my soul, hurry to become the abode of God, his holy temple, a very beautiful dwelling place: for it is quite possible that the being whose home is the whole world may also dwell with you, and take care of your house, so that it may be completely protected and free from injury for ever. (1.150) And perhaps the practitioner of virtue also compares his own life to a ladder; for the practice of anything is naturally an anomalous thing, since at one time it soars up to a height, and at another it turns downwards in a contrary direction; and at one time has a fair voyage like a ship, and at another has only an unfavourable passage; for, as someone says, the life of those who practise virtue is full of vicissitudes: being at one time alive and waking, and at another dead or sleeping. (1.151) And perhaps this statement is not wrong; for the wise have obtained the heavenly and celestial country as their home, having learned to keep mounting upwards; but the wicked have received as their share the dark recesses of hell, having from the beginning to the end of their existence practised dying, and having been from their infancy to their old age familiarised with destruction. (1.152) But the practitioners of virtue, because they stand on the boundary between two extremes, frequently go upwards and downwards as if on a ladder,⁠ either drawn upwards by a more powerful fate or dragged down by the worse; until God, the umpire of this contention and conflict, awards the victory to the more excellent class and utterly destroys the other.

Book 2

Texts in conversation

Compare Ladder of Jacob 4:1 and Philo, On Dreams 1.152

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · Classical

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Summary

In the Ladder of Jacob, the ladder is this age, whose steps are times of foreign rule over Jacob's descendants. Philo's On Dreams similarly interprets the ladder metaphorically, but instead describes it as the life of a person who practices virtue.

Passages

Ladder of Jacob 4:1

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
1 But he said this to me: The ladder which you saw, which had twelve steps having two human faces which changed their appearance — now this ladder is this age, and the twelve steps are the times of this age, and the twenty-four faces are the kings of the lawless Gentiles of this age. 2 Under these kings [your children's children and the line] of your sons will be tested: they will rise up against the lawlessness of your descendants, and will lay this place waste through four descents of the sins of your descendants. 3 And from the wealth of the ancestors this palace will be built in the temple of the name of your God and your fathers; but through the anger of your descendants it will be desolate until the fourth descent of this age; for you saw four visions.
1–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Ladder of Jacob

Philo, On Dreams 1.152

Classical
(1.151) And perhaps this statement is not wrong; for the wise have obtained the heavenly and celestial country as their home, having learned to keep mounting upwards; but the wicked have received as their share the dark recesses of hell, having from the beginning to the end of their existence practised dying, and having been from their infancy to their old age familiarised with destruction. (1.152) But the practitioners of virtue, because they stand on the boundary between two extremes, frequently go upwards and downwards as if on a ladder, either drawn upwards by a more powerful fate or dragged down by the worse; until God, the umpire of this contention and conflict, awards the victory to the more excellent class and utterly destroys the other.
20–50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philo, On Dreams Book 1

References

“... Jacob sees a ladder in his dream and is frightened. What is frightening, this motif asserts, is the ladder itself. In this respect it bears some resemblance to Philo’s explanation of Jacob’s dream, with which we began. The difference is that, while Philo wished to relate the “irregular course” symbolized by the ladder to Jacob’s own life, the “Staircase of History” motif relates it to the life of Jacob’s descendants, the people of Israel: the ladder represents the coming ages of history, and Jacob sees the terrible things that lie in store for his offspring. No wonder he says, “How fearsome is this place!” ...”
James L. Kugel, The Ladder of Jacob: Ancient Interpretations of the Biblical Story of Jacob and His Children (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 30.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ladder of Jacob 4:1 and Philo, On Dreams 1.152

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