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Philippians

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Finally, my brothers and sisters, rejoice in the Lord! To write this again is no trouble to me, and it is a safeguard for you. 2 Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of those who mutilate the flesh! 3 For we are the circumcision, the ones who worship by the Spirit of God, exult in Christ Jesus, and do not rely on human credentials 4 —though mine, too, are significant. If someone thinks he has good reasons to put confidence in human credentials, I have more: 5 I was circumcised on the eighth day, from the people of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews. I lived according to the law as a Pharisee. 6 In my zeal for God I persecuted the church. According to the righteousness stipulated in the law I was blameless. 7 But these assets I have come to regard as liabilities because of Christ. 8 More than that, I now regard all things as liabilities compared to the far greater value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have suffered the loss of all things —indeed, I regard them as dung!—that I may gain Christ 9 and be found in him, not because I have my own righteousness derived from the law, but because I have the righteousness that comes by way of Christ’s faithfulness—a righteousness from God that is in fact based on Christ’s faithfulness. 10 My aim is to know him, to experience the power of his resurrection, to share in his sufferings, and to be like him in his death, 11 and so, somehow, to attain to the resurrection from the dead. 12 Not that I have already attained this—that is, I have not already been perfected—but I strive to lay hold of that for which Christ Jesus also laid hold of me. 13 Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself to have attained this. Instead I am single-minded: Forgetting the things that are behind and reaching out for the things that are ahead, 14 with this goal in mind, I strive toward the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. 15 Therefore let those of us who are “perfect” embrace this point of view. If you think otherwise, God will reveal to you the error of your ways. 16 Nevertheless, let us live up to the standard that we have already attained. 17 Be imitators of me, brothers and sisters, and watch carefully those who are living this way, just as you have us as an example. 18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ.⁠ 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and⁠ we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ,⁠ 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.

Texts in conversation

Compare Philippians 3:20 and Shepherd of Hermas 50:1

New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In Philippians, Paul says believers' citizenship is in heaven. In the Shepherd of Hermas, the Shepherd uses a similar image of believers as foreigners in a city whose ruler may expel them, to urge them not to buy fields and houses there.

Passages

Philippians 3:20

New Testament
18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ. 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.
56–63 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philippians

Shepherd of Hermas 50:1

Early Christian
1 He said to me: “You know that you, who are the servants of God, are living in a foreign land; for your city is far from this city. If you know your city, where you are going to live, why do you acquire fields and costly furnishings and buildings and extra rooms here, which are unnecessary? 2 So whoever acquires these things in this city does not intend to return to their own city. 3 You foolish, double-minded, miserable person, do you not see that all these things are foreign, and are under the power of someone else? For the lord of this city will say, ‘I do not want you to live in my city; go away from this city, for you do not follow my laws.’ 4 So you who have fields and houses and many other possessions—when you are driven out by him, what will you do with your field and your house and all the other things you prepared for yourself? For the master of this place is right to say to you, ‘Either conform to my laws, or leave my land.’ 5 Then what will you do, you who are under law in your own city? For the sake of your fields and the rest of your possessions, will you altogether renounce your law and follow the law of this city? Watch out: renouncing your law may be disastrous; for if you want to return again to your city, you certainly will not be welcomed, because you rejected the law of your city, and you will be shut out from it. 6 So take care: as you live in a foreign land, prepare nothing for yourself except enough to get by, and be ready so that whenever the master of this city wants to drive you out for resisting his law, you may leave his city and go to your own city, and keep your own law joyfully, free from insults.
90–140 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Shepherd of Hermas

References

“... The Shepherd’s depiction of Christians as foreigners who currently inhabit and must live properly within an earthly city in light of their really belonging to a far off one to which they will one day go coheres strongly with the contents of Pauline letters. [...] A more mature construal of the Pauline tension between the believer’s being at home and away and the priority of one over the other is found in Paul’s letter to Philippi. There Paul postulated that believers held citizenship in another realm beyond the earthly one. According to him, the believer’s “commonwealth (πολίτευμα) exists in heaven, from where we also eagerly await a savior, (the) Lord Jesus Christ” (3:20). [...] For Paul, the notion of holding citizenship elsewhere does not allow the believer to avoid the burden of ethical responsibility in the present, earthly city. ...”
Jonathan E. Soyars, The Shepherd of Hermas and the Pauline Legacy, NovTSup 176 (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 147–148.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Philippians 3:20 and Shepherd of Hermas 50:1

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