Go to Related Reading
About this book

Philippians

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Finally, my brothers and sisters, rejoice in the Lord! To write this again is no trouble to me, and it is a safeguard for you. 2 Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of those who mutilate the flesh! 3 For we are the circumcision, the ones who worship by the Spirit of God, exult in Christ Jesus, and do not rely on human credentials 4 —though mine, too, are significant. If someone thinks he has good reasons to put confidence in human credentials, I have more: 5 I was circumcised on the eighth day, from the people of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews. I lived according to the law as a Pharisee. 6 In my zeal for God I persecuted the church. According to the righteousness stipulated in the law I was blameless. 7 But these assets I have come to regard as liabilities because of Christ. 8 More than that, I now regard all things as liabilities compared to the far greater value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have suffered the loss of all things —indeed, I regard them as dung!—that I may gain Christ 9 and be found in him, not because I have my own righteousness derived from the law, but because I have the righteousness that comes by way of Christ’s faithfulness—a righteousness from God that is in fact based on Christ’s faithfulness. 10 My aim is to know him, to experience the power of his resurrection, to share in his sufferings, and to be like him in his death, 11 and so, somehow, to attain to the resurrection from the dead. 12 Not that I have already attained this—that is, I have not already been perfected—but I strive to lay hold of that for which Christ Jesus also laid hold of me. 13 Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself to have attained this. Instead I am single-minded: Forgetting the things that are behind and reaching out for the things that are ahead, 14 with this goal in mind, I strive toward the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. 15 Therefore let those of us who are “perfect” embrace this point of view. If you think otherwise, God will reveal to you the error of your ways. 16 Nevertheless, let us live up to the standard that we have already attained. 17 Be imitators of me, brothers and sisters, and watch carefully those who are living this way, just as you have us as an example. 18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ.⁠ 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and⁠ we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ,⁠ 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 96:5 and Philippians 3:19

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

Share:

Summary

1 Enoch describes the wealthy who exploit others coming to destruction and shame at judgment. Philippians similarly describes those who desire excess as the enemies of the cross whose end is destruction, and whose honor becomes shame.

Passages

1 Enoch 96:5

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
4 Woe to you, sinners, for your riches make you appear like the righteous, but your hearts convict you of being sinners. This fact shall serve as a testimony against you as a memorial of your evil deeds. 5 Woe to you who consume the finest of the wheat and drink wine from large bowls, and trample the lowly with your might. 6 Woe to you who drink water from every fountain, for suddenly you shall be consumed and wither away, because you have forsaken the fountain of life. 7 Woe to you who practice unrighteousness, deceit, and blasphemy: it shall be a memorial against you for evil. 8 Woe to you, mighty ones, who oppress the righteous with your might; for the day of your destruction is coming. In those days, many and good days shall come to the righteous—in the day of your judgment.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Philippians 3:19

New Testament
17 Be imitators of me, brothers and sisters, and watch carefully those who are living this way, just as you have us as an example. 18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ. 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.
56–63 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philippians

References

"... The characterization of the “enemies of the cross” draws on a collection of common insults: “their end is destruction, their god is the belly, and their glory is in their shame” (3:19). In biblical tradition, shame is the result and experience of divine justice. The apocalyptic seer announces humiliation for the unrighteous as compensation for the injustice done to the righteous in the here and now. For instance, Enoch laments [in 1 Enoch 96] ... The heavenly seer curses the godless people for accumulation of unjust money, for their ignorance, and even more for suppressing and humiliating the righteous one. Their supposed honor in this world will turn to shame in the next. They will be thoroughly shamed on the day of resurrection and judgment, or even already in a kind of purgatory. Their limited “earthly” view on reality will prove itself as wrong. Seen from the heavenly perspective of the seer, the fate of the godless is actual destruction, whereas the “friends of God” can hope for salvation. This hope, already present in wisdom literature, blossoms in apocalypticism where the seer observes the punishment of sinners on his journey to heaven, reports of them and warns future generations of them. The punishment entails that, in the end, sinners will have to recognize the limitation of their “earthly” position when they see the destiny of the righteous (Wisdom of Solomon 5:1–16) ..."
Angela Standhartinger, “Apocalyptic Thought in Philippians,” in The Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition and the Shaping of New Testament Thought, ed. Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2017), 233–244.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Tags

Your feedback

1 Enoch 96:5 and Philippians 3:19

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library