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Philippians

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Finally, my brothers and sisters, rejoice in the Lord! To write this again is no trouble to me, and it is a safeguard for you. 2 Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of those who mutilate the flesh! 3 For we are the circumcision, the ones who worship by the Spirit of God, exult in Christ Jesus, and do not rely on human credentials 4 —though mine, too, are significant. If someone thinks he has good reasons to put confidence in human credentials, I have more: 5 I was circumcised on the eighth day, from the people of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews. I lived according to the law as a Pharisee. 6 In my zeal for God I persecuted the church. According to the righteousness stipulated in the law I was blameless. 7 But these assets I have come to regard as liabilities because of Christ. 8 More than that, I now regard all things as liabilities compared to the far greater value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whom I have suffered the loss of all things —indeed, I regard them as dung!—that I may gain Christ 9 and be found in him, not because I have my own righteousness derived from the law, but because I have the righteousness that comes by way of Christ’s faithfulness—a righteousness from God that is in fact based on Christ’s faithfulness. 10 My aim is to know him, to experience the power of his resurrection, to share in his sufferings, and to be like him in his death, 11 and so, somehow, to attain to the resurrection from the dead. 12 Not that I have already attained this—that is, I have not already been perfected—but I strive to lay hold of that for which Christ Jesus also laid hold of me. 13 Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself to have attained this. Instead I am single-minded: Forgetting the things that are behind and reaching out for the things that are ahead, 14 with this goal in mind, I strive toward the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. 15 Therefore let those of us who are “perfect” embrace this point of view. If you think otherwise, God will reveal to you the error of your ways. 16 Nevertheless, let us live up to the standard that we have already attained. 17 Be imitators of me, brothers and sisters, and watch carefully those who are living this way, just as you have us as an example. 18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ.⁠ 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and⁠ we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ,⁠ 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 95:1 and Philippians 3:18

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

In 1 Enoch, the seer cries about the fate of the unrighteous, expressing his grief with woes against injustice. Philippians echoes this language when speaking of enemies of the cross “in tears,” adopting the same prophetic posture of mourning.

Passages

1 Enoch 95:1

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
1 Oh, if only my eyes were a cloud of waters, so that I might weep over you, and pour down my tears as a cloud of waters, so that I might have rest from my troubled heart! 2 Who has allowed you to engage in reproaches and wickedness? And so, judgment shall overtake you, sinners. 3 Do not fear the sinners, you righteous; for the Lord will again deliver them into your hands, so that you may execute judgment upon them according to your desires. 4 Woe to you who pronounce curses that cannot be reversed: Healing will therefore be far from you because of your sins. 5 Woe to you who repay your neighbor with evil; for you shall be repaid according to your deeds.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Philippians 3:18

New Testament
17 Be imitators of me, brothers and sisters, and watch carefully those who are living this way, just as you have us as an example. 18 For many live, about whom I have often told you, and now, with tears, I tell you that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ. 19 Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, they exult in their shame, and they think about earthly things. 20 But our citizenship is in heaven—and we also eagerly await a savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ, 21 who will transform these humble bodies of ours into the likeness of his glorious body by means of that power by which he is able to subject all things to himself.
56–63 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philippians

References

"... In Philippians 3:18, Paul adopts a new mode of speech: he speaks “in tears” (κλαίων λέγω). By doing so, he takes on the part of an apocalyptic prophet. The seers in Jewish apocalypses proclaim the end of the godless in the age to come, and sometimes, emphasize their curse by weeping and crying. Thus, in the midst of woes against the violent and the rich, Enoch wishes [in 1 Enoch 95] ... Paul’s tears likewise express his despair. The godless in this case are called “enemies of the cross.” As in 3:2, Paul has no explicit criticism, but rather he reveals a separation that, as in 1 Corinthians 1:18, 2 Corinthians 2:15, and Romans 9:22–23, has divided humanity in two groups, namely the lost and the saved. However, as in many apocalyptic writings, the issue is not how the lost might yet be saved, but how to interpret reality for those who suffer at the hands of the godless ..."
Angela Standhartinger, “Apocalyptic Thought in Philippians,” in The Jewish Apocalyptic Tradition and the Shaping of New Testament Thought, ed. Loren T. Stuckenbruck (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2017), 233–244.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • In chapter 2 wisdom of Enoch verse 43 it says. Well to you who fulminate anathemas which cannot be reversed. What does that mean?

    Bob Curtis, July 24, 2024

1 Enoch 95:1 and Philippians 3:18

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