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Philippians

About this book
Chapter 2

1 Therefore, if there is any encouragement in Christ, any comfort provided by love, any fellowship in the Spirit, any affection or mercy, 2 complete my joy and be of the same mind, by having the same love, being united in spirit, and having one purpose. 3 Instead of being motivated by selfish ambition or vanity, each of you should, in humility, be moved to treat one another as more important than yourself. 4 Each of you should be concerned not only about your own interests, but about the interests of others as well.⁠ 5 You should have the same attitude toward one another that Christ Jesus had, 6 who, though he existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with Godas something to be grasped, 7 but emptied himself by taking on the form of a slave, by looking like other men, and by sharing in human nature.⁠ 8 He humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death—even death on a cross! 9 As a result God highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow—in⁠ heaven and on earth and under the earth— 11 and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father. 12 So then, my dear friends, just as you have always obeyed, not only in my presence but even more in my absence, continue working out your salvation with awe and reverence, 13 for the one bringing forth in you both the desire and the effort—for the sake of his good pleasure—is God. 14 Do everything without grumbling or arguing,⁠ 15 so that you may be blameless and pure, children of God without blemish though you live in a crooked and perverse society, in which you shine as lights in the world⁠ 16 by holding on to the word of life so that on the day of Christ I will have a reason to boast: that I did not run in vain nor labor in vain. 17 But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering on the sacrifice and service of your faith, I am glad and rejoice together with all of you.⁠ 18 And in the same way you also should be glad and rejoice together with me. 19 Now I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you soon, so that I, too, may be encouraged by hearing news about you. 20 For there is no one here like him who will readily demonstrate his deep concern for you. 21 Others are busy with their own concerns, not those of Jesus Christ. 22 But you know his qualifications that like a son working with his father, he served with me in advancing the gospel. 23 So I hope to send him as soon as I know more about my situation, 24 though I am confident in the Lord that I, too, will be coming to see you soon. 25 But for now I have considered it necessary to send Epaphroditus to you. For he is my brother, coworker and fellow soldier, and your messenger and minister to me in my need. 26 Indeed, he greatly missed all of you and was distressed because you heard that he had been ill. 27 In fact he became so ill that he nearly died. But God showed mercy to him—and not to him only, but also to me—so that I would not have grief on top of grief. 28 Therefore I am all the more eager to send him, so that when you see him again you can rejoice and I can be free from anxiety. 29 So welcome him in the Lord with great joy, and honor people like him, 30 since it was because of the work of Christ that he almost died. He risked his life so that he could make up for your inability to serve me.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Isaiah 45:23 and Philippians 2:10

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

Isaiah describes all nations bowing and confessing loyalty to God alone, presenting a vision of universal acknowledgment of divine authority. Philippians adapts this language to express a picture of universal loyalty to Jesus.

Passages

LXX Isaiah 45:23

Septuagint
21 If they will declare, let them draw near, that they may know together, who has caused these things to be heard from the beginning: then was it told you. I am God, and there is not another beside me; a just God and a Savior; there is none but me. 22 Turn to me, and you shall be saved, you that come from the end of the earth: I am God, and there is none other. 23 By myself I swear, righteousness shall surely proceed out of my mouth; my words shall not be frustrated; that to me every knee shall bend, and every tongue shall confess to God, 24 saying, Righteousness and glory shall come to him: and all that separate themselves shall be ashamed. 25 By the Lord they will be justified, and in God shall all the seed of the children of Israel be glorified.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Isaiah

Philippians 2:10

New Testament
8 He humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death—even death on a cross! 9 As a result God highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name, 10 so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow—in heaven and on earth and under the earth— 11 and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father. 12 So then, my dear friends, just as you have always obeyed, not only in my presence but even more in my absence, continue working out your salvation with awe and reverence,
56–63 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Philippians

References

"... Paul’s presentation of the Messiah as “Wisdom” in 1 and 2 Corinthians and as a preexistent heavenly being in Philippians is analogous to the depiction of the heavenly Messiah in the Similitudes of Enoch ... In both cases, the Messiah is portrayed as divine, both functionally and, to some degree, ontologically. But in neither case is the preexistent figure equal to God. Thus, we do not yet seem to have an expression of binitarianism in Paul’s letters. Hurtado also points out that Philippians 2:10 is an adaptation of Isaiah 45:23. He infers from this allusion that: The monotheistic thrust of Jewish tradition that is stridently expressed in Isaiah 45:23 is adapted to express in equally strong terms a new and remarkable “binitarian” form of monotheism, with two closely linked but distinguishable figures: God and Jesus. But this inference seems to be an overinterpretation. The worship of the God of Israel alone can, in the Second Temple period, be combined with obeisance to God’s primary agent, the Messiah ..."
Adela Yarbro Collins, “How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God?: A Reply,” in Israel's God and Rebecca's Children: Christology and Community in Early Judaism and Christianity, ed. Helen K. Bond (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2007), 55–66.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Isaiah 45:23 and Philippians 2:10

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