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Panamuwa Inscription

This statue Bar-Rakib has set up for his father, Panamuwa, son of Barṣūr, king of Ya’di, in the year of his death. My father, Panamuwa— Because of the loyalty of his father, the gods of Ya’di delivered him from destruction which was in the house of his father. And the god Hadad stood with him.⁠ He set his throne. He destroyed the house of his father. He killed his father Barṣūr and seventy brothers of his father.⁠ But my father mounted a chariot and ruled. He pierced Panamuwa. He filled the prisons. He made ruined cities more numerous than inhabited ones. He gave rulership to Panamuwa, son of Qarli. “If you cause bloodshed in my house, and you also kill one of my sons, then I will make bloodshed in the land of Ya’di.” Panamuwa, son of Qarli, was destroyed in the land. There was ewe, cow, wheat, and barley. A part stood at a shekel; A measure of onions or wine at a shekel; Two-thirds of a mina of oil at a shekel. Then my father, Panamuwa, son of Barṣūr, brought a gift to the king of Assyria. He made him king over the house of his father. He removed the stone of destruction from the house of his father. He reclaimed the treasuries of the houses of Ya’di. He opened the prisons and released the captives of Ya’di. He arose and released the women. He restored the house of the women who had died. He buried them. He seized the palace of his father. He made it better than before. It abounded with wheat, barley, ewe, and cow. The land prospered. The price was cheap. In the days of my father Panamuwa, he appointed lords of villages and lords of chariots. He was esteemed among mighty kings from east to west. My father possessed silver and gold. Because of his wisdom and loyalty, he was seated with his lord, the mighty king of Assyria. He lived under the king of Assyria. Ya’di also lived. His lord, the king of Assyria, positioned him over powerful kings. He ran at the wheel of his lord, the king of Assyria, in campaigns from east to west and north to south over the four quarters of the earth. He relocated populations from east to west and west to east. My father prospered more than all other kings. His lord, Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, added cities to his territory from the land of Gurgum. My father Panamuwa died while following his lord Tiglath-Pileser in the campaigns. Tiglath-Pileser wept for him. His kinsmen and all the army of the king of Assyria wept for him. The king of Assyria took his spirit to eat and drink. He set up a memorial for him. He brought my father from Damascus to Assyria. I am Bar-Rakib, son of Panamuwa. Because of the loyalty of my father and my own loyalty, my lord Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, has caused me to reign on the throne of my father, Panamuwa, son of Barṣūr. I have set up this statue to Panamuwa. I placed it before the tomb of my father. May Hadad, El, Rakib-El, lord of the house, Šamaš, and all the gods of Ya’di show favor to the son of Panamuwa. May Rakib-El show favor to me before gods and before men.

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Compare Panamuwa Inscription and 1 Samuel 9:16

Ancient Near East, Northwest Semitic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

The Panamuwa Inscription from Ya’di and 1 Samuel describe a king chosen and saved by a patron god. This follows a common ancient Near Eastern tradition that becoming king is a gift given by the gods who can remove the unfaithful and raise up the loyal.

Passages

Panamuwa Inscription

Ancient Near East, Northwest Semitic
This statue Bar-Rakib has set up for his father, Panamuwa, son of Barṣūr, king of Ya’di, in the year of his death. My father, Panamuwa— Because of the loyalty of his father, the gods of Ya’di delivered him from destruction which was in the house of his father. And the god Hadad stood with him. He set his throne. He destroyed the house of his father. He killed his father Barṣūr and seventy brothers of his father.
733 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Panamuwa Inscription

1 Samuel 9:16

Hebrew Bible
15 Now the day before Saul arrived, the Lord had told Samuel: 16 “At this time tomorrow I will send to you a man from the land of Benjamin. You must consecrate him as a leader over my people Israel. He will save my people from the hand of the Philistines. For I have looked with favor on my people. Their cry has reached me.” 17 When Samuel saw Saul, the Lord said, “Here is the man that I told you about. He will rule over my people.” 18 As Saul approached Samuel in the middle of the gate, he said, “Please tell me where the seer’s house is.”
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Samuel

References

"... Other deities also were responsible for individual cities or minor realms. In the capacity of patron deity of a particular city or realm, a god was responsible for choosing the human ruler (with the level of official entitled mlk) who served as the regent for the god among the human residents of the region. (Compare KAI 214.2-3 and 1 Samuel 9:16-17; 1 Samuel 16:1-13) The mortal king was viewed as an underling of the patron deity and could be removed by the god if proper care of the territory was not maintained. If the ruler behaved properly, the god was expected to provide for the well-being of the population by means of bountiful crops, basic necessities, and a well-equipped military force ..."
Lowell K. Handy, Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1994), 114.

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Panamuwa Inscription and 1 Samuel 9:16

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