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Onkelos Numbers

About this book

Victory over the King of Arad

Chapter 21

1 And when the Canaanite king of Arad, who lived in the south, heard that Israel was coming by the way of the explorers, he went into battle against Israel, and took some of them captive. 2 And Israel made a vow before the Lord, and said: If You will certainly deliver this people into my hand, then I will destroy their cities. 3 And the Lord accepted Israel's prayer, and gave up the Canaanites; and he destroyed them and their cities, and he called the name of the place Hormah.

The Bronze Serpent

4 And they journeyed from Mount Hor by the way of the Red Sea, to go around the land of Edom; and the people grew impatient on the way. 5 And the people complained against the Memra of the Lord, and contended with Moses, saying: Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the desert? for there is neither bread nor water, and we are tired of manna, this light food. 6 And the Lord sent burning serpents among the people, and many people of Israel died. 7 And the people came to Moses, and said: We have sinned, for we have complained before the Lord, and have contended with you. Intercede before the Lord, so that He may remove the serpents from among us. And Moses prayed for the people. 8 And the Lord said to Moses: Make yourself a fiery serpent, and raise it on a pole; and everyone who has been bitten, and looks at it, shall live. 9 And Moses made a serpent of bronze, and set it upon a pole; and when a serpent had bitten a man, if he looked up to the serpent of bronze, he lived.

The Journey and the Song of the Well

10 And the children of Israel journeyed and encamped in Oboth. 11 And they journeyed from Oboth, and encamped at the Ford of the Passengers, which is in the wilderness opposite Moab, toward the sunrise. 12 And they moved on from there, and encamped by the brook Zered. 13 From there they journeyed, and camped on the other side of Arnon, that is in the wilderness that extends from the territory of the Amorites; for Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites. 14 Therefore it is said in the Book of the Wars, That which the Lord did by the Red Sea, and the great deeds He performed by the torrents of Arnon,⁠ 15 and at the flowing of the streams which lead toward Lehayat, and are joined at the border of Moab. 16 And from there they were given the well, which is the well that the Lord spoke to Moses about, Gather the people together, and I will give them water. 17 Then Israel sang this song: Spring up, well; sing all of you to it. 18 The well which the leaders dug, the chiefs of the people cut it, the scribes with their staffs; it was given to them in the wilderness. 19 And from the time that it was given to them it descended with them to the rivers, and from the rivers it went up with them to the height,⁠ 20 and from the height to the valley which is in the fields of Moab, at the head of Ramatha, which looks toward Beth-jeshimon.

Victory over Sihon

21 And Israel sent messengers to Sihon, king of the Amorites, saying: 22 I would pass through your country: I will not turn aside into field or vineyard; we will not drink of the waters of the cistern; we will go by the king's highway until we have crossed your border. 23 But Sihon would not permit Israel to pass through his territory; and Sihon gathered all his people, and came out to confront Israel in the wilderness, and came to Jahaz, and went into battle against Israel. 24 And Israel struck him with the edge of the sword, and took possession of his land from Arnon to Jabbok, to the sons of Ammon; for the border of the sons of Ammon was strong. 25 And Israel subdued all those cities, and Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages. 26 For Heshbon was the city of Sihon, king of the Amorites; he had made war with the former king of Moab, and had taken all his territory from his hand to Arnon. 27 Therefore those who recite proverbs say: Come to Heshbon; let the city of Sihon be built and finished: 28 for an east wind strong as fire has gone out from Heshbon, and warriors like a flame have come from the city of Sihon: they have killed the people who inhabited Lehayat of Moab, the priests who ministered in the idol-temple in the height of Arnon. 29 Woe to you, Moabites, you are ruined, you people who have worshiped Kemosh; he has delivered up his besieged sons and his daughters into captivity, to Sihon, king of the Amorites. 30 And the kingdom has ceased from Heshbon, the dominion has passed away from Dibon, they have laid waste to the land as far as Nophah which adjoins Medeba. 31 And Israel lived in the land of the Amorites. 32 And Moses sent to explore Jazer; and they subdued the towns, and drove out the Amorites who were there.

Victory over Og

33 And they turned and went up by the way of Bashan; and Og, king of Bashan, came out to meet them, he and all his people, to give battle at Edrei. 34 But the Lord said to Moses, Do not fear him: for I have delivered him into your hand with all his people and his country; and you shall do to him as you have done to Sihon, the king of the Amorites who lived in Heshbon. 35 And they struck him, and his sons, and all his people, until no survivors remained; and they took possession of his land.

Texts in conversation

Compare Onkelos Numbers 21:19 and 1 Corinthians 10:4

Targum · New Testament

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Summary

1 Corinthians and the Aramaic translation of Numbers in Targum Onkelos refer to a Jewish midrash that the well in the wilderness followed the Israelites. Interpreters developed this tradition into a moving source of water, which Paul connects to Jesus.

Passages

Onkelos Numbers 21:19

Targum
16 And from there they were given the well, which is the well that the Lord spoke to Moses about, Gather the people together, and I will give them water. 17 Then Israel sang this song: Spring up, well; sing all of you to it. 18 The well which the leaders dug, the chiefs of the people cut it, the scribes with their staffs; it was given to them in the wilderness. 19 And from the time that it was given to them it descended with them to the rivers, and from the rivers it went up with them to the height, 20 and from the height to the valley which is in the fields of Moab, at the head of Ramatha, which looks toward Beth-jeshimon.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Numbers

1 Corinthians 10:4

New Testament
1 For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, that our fathers were all under the cloud and all passed through the sea, 2 and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea, 3 and all ate the same spiritual food, 4 and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they were all drinking from the spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ. 5 But God was not pleased with most of them, for they were cut down in the wilderness.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

References

"... In 1 Corinthians 10, Paul warns his readers to stand firm in the face of temptation (10:12). He does so by looking back at Israel’s period of wilderness wandering. He then makes a curious comment in 10:4 ... Paul is no doubt referring here to the rock that provided water for the Israelites mentioned in Exodus 17 and Numbers 20. By referring to spiritual food and drink, Paul is using this Old Testament story to make his point to his readers: the food and drink in the Old Testament are symbols of the spiritual sustenance that God provides for his people through all time. And that spiritual sustenance for Paul’s readers is the very same Christ who sustained the Israelites in the desert. What is striking, however, is the comment that the rock that provided this spiritual drink is said to have accompanied the Israelites through the desert. What does this mean? When we place Paul’s incidental comment here side by side with other ancient texts, a picture begins to emerge. Other Second Temple texts refer to a mobile source of water accompanying the Israelites through the desert. Actually, there are some variations on this story, but what they all have in common is the notion of mobility. One example is Targum Onqelos to Numbers 21:16–20 ..."
Peter Enns, Inspiration and Incarnation: Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005), 188.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Onkelos Numbers 21:19 and 1 Corinthians 10:4

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