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Onkelos Leviticus

About this book

Offerings for Unintentional Sins

Chapter 4

1 The Lord spoke with Moses, saying: 2 Speak to the Israelites and tell them: When a person sins⁠ unintentionally against any of the Lord's commandments by doing something that should not be done: 3 If the anointed priest sins, bringing guilt upon the people, he must bring before the Lord a young bull without defect as a sin offering for the sin he has committed. 4 He shall bring the bull to the entrance of the Tent of Meeting before the Lord, lay his hand on the bull's head, and slaughter it before the Lord. 5 The anointed priest shall take some of the bull's blood and bring it into the Tent of Meeting. 6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle some of it seven times before the Lord in front of the sanctuary curtain. 7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of fragrant incense before the Lord in the Tent of Meeting, and he shall pour out the rest of the bull's blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting. 8 He shall remove all the fat from the bull of the sin offering—the fat that covers the internal organs and all the fat that is connected to them, 9 both kidneys with the fat on them near the loins, and the long lobe of the liver, which he shall remove with the kidneys— 10 just as the fat is removed from the ox sacrificed as a holy sacrifice. Then the priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering. 11 But the hide of the bull and all its flesh, as well as the head, legs, internal organs, and intestines, 12 the entire bull must be taken outside the camp to a clean place where the ashes are poured out, and burned there in a wood fire at the ash heap. 13 If the whole community of Israel sins unintentionally and does what is forbidden in any of the Lord's commands, even though the community is unaware of the matter, they are guilty. 14 When they become aware of the sin they have committed, the assembly must bring a young bull as a sin offering and present it before the Tent of Meeting. 15 The elders of the community shall lay their hands on the bull's head before the Lord, and it shall be slaughtered before the Lord. 16 Then the anointed priest shall take some of the bull's blood into the Tent of Meeting, 17 and he shall dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle it seven times before the Lord in front of the curtain. 18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar that is before the Lord in the Tent of Meeting, and pour out the rest of the blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting. 19 He shall remove all the fat from it and burn it on the altar. 20 He shall do with this bull just as he did with the bull of the sin offering. In this way, the priest will make atonement for the people, and they will be forgiven. 21 He shall then take the bull outside the camp and burn it as he burned the first bull. This is the sin offering for the assembly. 22 If a leader sins unintentionally and does what is forbidden in any of the commands of the Lord his God, he is guilty. 23 When he becomes aware of the sin he has committed, he must bring as his offering a male goat without defect. 24 He shall lay his hand on the goat's head and slaughter it at the place where the burnt offering is slaughtered before the Lord. It is a sin offering. 25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering and pour out the rest of the blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering. 26 He shall burn all the fat on the altar as he burned the fat of the holy sacrifices. In this way, the priest will make atonement for the leader's sin, and he will be forgiven. 27 If a member of the community sins unintentionally by doing something forbidden in any of the Lord's commands, he is guilty. 28 When he becomes aware of the sin he has committed, he must bring as his offering a female goat without defect for the sin he has committed. 29 He is to lay his hand on the head of the sin offering and slaughter it at the place of the burnt offering. 30 Then the priest shall take some of the blood with his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering and pour out all the rest of the blood at the base of the altar. 31 He shall remove all the fat, just as the fat was removed from the holy sacrifices, and the priest shall burn it on the altar to be accepted with favor before the Lord. In this way, the priest will make atonement for them, and they will be forgiven. 32 If someone brings a lamb as their sin offering, they are to bring a female without defect. 33 They are to lay their hand on its head and slaughter it at the place where the burnt offering is slaughtered. 34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering and pour out all the rest of the blood at the base of the altar. 35 He shall remove all the fat, just as the fat was removed from the lamb of the holy sacrifices, and the priest shall burn it on the altar on top of the offerings before the Lord. In this way, the priest will make atonement for the sin they have committed, and they will be forgiven.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 4:2 and Onkelos Leviticus 4:2

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Leviticus 4 uses the word “nephesh,” which can mean “soul” or “person.” The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos chooses the meaning “person,” reflecting the biblical sense of referring to a living being rather than a disembodied inner essence.

Passages

Leviticus 4:2

Hebrew Bible
1 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 2 “Tell the Israelites, ‘When a person sins by straying unintentionally from any of the Lord’s commandments which must not be violated, and violates any one of them— 3 “‘If the high priest sins so that the people are guilty on account of the sin he has committed, he must present a flawless young bull to the Lord for a sin offering.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Onkelos Leviticus 4:2

Targum
1 The Lord spoke with Moses, saying: 2 Speak to the Israelites and tell them: When a person sins unintentionally against any of the Lord's commandments by doing something that should not be done: 3 If the anointed priest sins, bringing guilt upon the people, he must bring before the Lord a young bull without defect as a sin offering for the sin he has committed. 4 He shall bring the bull to the entrance of the Tent of Meeting before the Lord, lay his hand on the bull's head, and slaughter it before the Lord.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Leviticus

References

"... Scripture's nefesh is translated 'soul' in modern Hebrew, but meant 'person' or 'life' or 'life force' in biblical times, and is so translated by our targumist and Saadiah. Sifra suggests that the Hebrew includes non-Jews and even servants, who are also people. Nevertheless, Nachmanides reads the modern meaning into the biblical word and argues that the Bible purposely restricted itself to nefesh to indicate that sin emanates from thoughts in the soul and blemishes it ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008), 19.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 4:2 and Onkelos Leviticus 4:2

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