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Onkelos Leviticus

About this book

Faithfulness and Its Blessings

Chapter 26

1 You shall make no idols or images for yourselves or set up a statue; neither shall you place a stone for worship in your land to worship upon it, for I am the Lord your God. 2 You shall keep My Sabbath days and revere the house of My sanctuary: I am the Lord. 3 If you follow My statutes, and observe My commandments and perform them, 4 then I will give you rains in their season, and your land shall yield its produce, and the tree of the field its fruit. 5 And for you the threshing shall last until the grape harvest, and the grape harvest shall last until sowing time; and you shall eat your bread until you are full, and live safely in your land. 6 And I will give peace in the land, and you shall live there with no one to disturb you. And I will remove harmful animals from the land, neither shall those who destroy with the sword pass through your land. 7 And you shall chase your adversaries, and they shall fall before you by the sword. 8 And five of you shall chase a hundred, and a hundred of you put ten thousand to flight, and your adversaries shall fall before you by the sword. 9 For I will turn toward you through My Memra, to do you good, and will increase your numbers, and multiply you, and establish My covenant with you. 10 And you shall eat the oldest stored produce, and shall clear out the old to make room for the new. 11 And I will set My Tabernacle among you, and My Memra shall not reject you. 12 And I will cause My Shekinah to dwell among you,⁠ and I will be Eloha to you, and you shall be a people before Me. 13 I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt, that you should not be slaves to them; and I broke off the yoke of the Gentiles from you, and brought you into freedom.

Disobedience and Its Consequences

14 But if you will not be obedient to My Memra, nor perform all these commandments; 15 and if you despise My statutes, and you reject My judgments, so as not to do all My commandments, and so break My covenant, 16 I also will do this to you: I will afflict you with terror, wasting disease, and fever, with failing eyesight and an exhausted spirit; and you shall sow your seed for nothing for your enemies shall eat it. 17 And I will reveal My anger against you, and you shall be broken before your enemies; those who hate you shall rule over you, and you shall flee when no one pursues you. 18 And if even after these things you will not obey My Memra, I will punish you seven times over for your sins. 19 And I will break the glory of your power, and will make the heavens above you unyielding as iron, to give no rain, and the ground beneath you hard as bronze in yielding no fruit; 20 and you shall spend your strength for nothing, for your ground will not yield its produce, nor the tree of the earth its fruit. 21 And if you will continue acting stubbornly before Me, and will not return to obey My Memra, I will bring a plague seven times heavier upon you according to your sins. 22 And I will send the beast of the wilderness against you, and it shall devour you, and consume your cattle, and reduce your numbers, and leave your roads deserted. 23 And if through these calamities you will not be corrected by My Memra, but will act stubbornly before Me, 24 I also will deal harshly with you and strike you seven times over for your sins. 25 And I will bring upon you those who kill with the sword, who shall collect repayment from you for your transgressions against the words of the Torah.⁠ And you will gather in your cities; but I will send a plague among you, and you shall be delivered into the hands of your enemies. 26 When I cut off your supply of food, ten women will prepare your bread in one oven, and return your bread by weight, and you will eat, but will not be satisfied. 27 And if with this you will not be obedient to My Memra, but will act stubbornly before Me, 28 I will deal with you in fierce anger and punish you seven times over for your sins. 29 And you shall eat the flesh of your sons, and you shall eat the flesh of your daughters. 30 And I will destroy your high places, and cut down your images, and will throw your corpses on the corpses of your idols, and My Memra shall reject you. 31 And I will make your cities a waste, and lay waste your sanctuary, and accept no more the offering of your congregation. 32 And I will make your country a wilderness, and your enemies who settle in it shall be appalled by it. 33 And I will disperse you among the nations, and send after you those who kill with the sword, and your country shall be a desert and your cities a waste. 34 Then the land shall enjoy its rest all the days in which it shall be a desert, and you are in the land of your enemies: then the land shall rest and enjoy its release: 35 all the days of its desolation it shall rest; because it did not rest in the sabbatical years, when you were living on it. 36 And I will put fear into the hearts of those of you left in the land of their enemies, and they shall flee at the sound of a falling leaf; they shall flee as if fleeing from those who kill with the sword, and fall, though no one pursues. 37 They shall stumble over one another, as fugitives before those who destroy with the sword, while no one is pursuing, and you shall have no power against your adversaries; 38 and you shall perish among the nations, and the land of your enemies shall consume you. 39 And those of you who remain shall waste away in your sins, in their adversaries' land, and they shall also waste away for their fathers' evil deeds that they continue to practice.

Confession and the Covenant

40 But, if they will confess their sins, and the sins of their fathers, and the unfaithfulness with which they acted unfaithfully before My Memra, and that they have acted stubbornly before Me, 41 while I also have dealt harshly with them, and brought them into the land of their enemies; when their stubborn hearts are broken, and they accept the punishment for their sins, 42 I will remember My covenant with Jacob, and My covenant with Isaac, and I will also remember My covenant with Abraham, and I will remember the land. 43 But the land shall be left by them, and shall enjoy its rest while made desolate for them, and they shall receive the punishment for their sins; I will have brought curses instead of blessings on those who had cast away My judgments, and who had rejected My statutes. 44 Yet, even in the land of their enemies I will not strike them down, nor cast them away to destroy them completely, and to change My covenant with them; for I am the Lord their God. 45 But I will remember the former covenant with those whom I brought out of the land of Egypt in the eyes of the nations, that I might be their God. I am the Lord. 46 These are the statutes and judgments and the Torah which the Lord appointed between His Memra and the sons of Israel, on the mountain of Sinai, through Moses.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 26:12 and Onkelos Leviticus 26:12

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Leviticus, God promises to walk among the people of Israel. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos replaces the walking with God causing his Shekinah to dwell among them, which keeps the promise of presence but removes the image of God walking.

Passages

Leviticus 26:12

Hebrew Bible
11 “‘I will put my tabernacle in your midst, and I will not abhor you. 12 I will walk among you, and I will be your God, and you will be my people. 13 I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt, from being their slaves, and I broke the bars of your yoke and caused you to walk upright.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Onkelos Leviticus 26:12

Targum
11 And I will set My Tabernacle among you, and My Memra shall not reject you. 12 And I will cause My Shekinah to dwell among you, and I will be Eloha to you, and you shall be a people before Me. 13 I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt, that you should not be slaves to them; and I broke off the yoke of the Gentiles from you, and brought you into freedom.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Leviticus

References

“... MEMRA [WORD OR WISDOM]. Onkelos and Pseudo-Jonathan replace nafshi, “My self” (here and in verse 30), which is anthropomorphic, with memra, while Neophyti renders the text literally. DISTANCE. The description of God’s blessings and punishments is replete with metaphors, anthropomorphisms, and anthropopathisms that the Targums replace. [...] In this verse, the Targums substitute the delicate “distance” for “abhor,” here and in verses 15, 30, 43, and 44. This is a characteristic targumic rendering. Neophyti and Pseudo-Jonathan insert “the glory of My Shekhinah” and “the Shekhinah of glory,” respectively, into the verse’s introduction. 12. MY SHEKHINAH TO DWELL. Instead of Scripture’s anthropomorphic and restricting “I will walk,” our targumist and Pseudo-Jonathan have the Shekhinah, generally translated “God’s presence,” ...”
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008), 218.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 26:12 and Onkelos Leviticus 26:12

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