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Onkelos Leviticus

About this book

The Lamps and the Bread of Memorial

Chapter 24

1 And the Lord spoke with Moses, saying, 2 Instruct the sons of Israel to bring to you oil of olives, pure and beaten, to give light, to make the lamps burn continually. 3 Outside of the veil of the testimony Aaron shall arrange it in the Tent of Meeting from evening until morning before the Lord continually; an everlasting statute for your generations. 4 He shall arrange the lamps on the pure lampstand before the Lord continually. 5 And you shall take flour, and prepare twelve cakes; two tenths shall be for one cake. 6 And you shall place them in two rows, six in a row, on the pure table before the Lord. 7 And you shall put pure frankincense on each row, and it shall be for Bread of Memorial, an offering before the Lord. 8 Every Sabbath day he shall arrange it before the Lord continually, from the offerings of the children of Israel, an everlasting statute. 9 And it shall be for Aaron and for his sons, so that they may eat it in the holy place; for it is most sacred to him of the offerings of the Lord by an everlasting statute.

Blasphemy and Equal Judgment

10 And the son of an Israelite woman and an Egyptian man went out among the children of Israel; and the son of the Israelite woman, and a man, a son of Israel, quarreled in the camp. 11 And the son of the woman the daughter of Israel pronounced the Name and cursed. And they brought him to Moses. And the name of his mother was Shelomith, the daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan. 12 And they held him in custody, until it should be explained to them by the decree of the Memra of the Lord.⁠ 13 And the Lord spoke with Moses, saying: 14 Bring the man who has cursed outside the camp, and let all who heard lay their hands on his head, and let all the congregation stone him. 15 And speak with the sons of Israel, saying: Any man who curses before his God shall bear his guilt, 16 and anyone who pronounces the Name of the Lord, shall certainly be put to death, and all the congregation shall stone him, the proselyte as well as the native-born; when he has pronounced the Name blasphemously, he shall be put to death. 17 And the man who kills a human being shall be put to death. 18 And he who kills an animal shall make restitution, life for life. 19 And if a man inflicts a blemish on his neighbor, as he has done, so it shall be done to him: 20 bruise for bruise, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, as he has inflicted a blemish on a man, it shall be done to him. 21 And he who kills a beast shall make restitution; but he who kills a man shall be put to death. 22 You shall have one standard of judgment for the proselyte and the native-born alike; for I am the Lord your God.⁠ 23 And Moses spoke with the sons of Israel, and they brought out the blasphemer outside the camp, and stoned him with stones; and the sons of Israel did as the Lord commanded Moses.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 24:22 and Onkelos Leviticus 24:22

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Leviticus 24 emphasizes equal legal standards for both natives and foreigners, but some versions of the Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos vary in how they translate this verse, showing how copying was a difficult process and could introduce errors.

Passages

Leviticus 24:22

Hebrew Bible
21 One who beats an animal to death must make restitution for it, but one who beats a person to death must be put to death. 22 There will be one regulation for you, whether a resident foreigner or a native citizen, for I am the Lord your God.’” 23 Then Moses spoke to the Israelites and they brought the one who cursed outside the camp and stoned him with stones. So the Israelites did just as the Lord had commanded Moses.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Onkelos Leviticus 24:22

Targum
21 And he who kills a beast shall make restitution; but he who kills a man shall be put to death. 22 You shall have one standard of judgment for the proselyte and the native-born alike; for I am the Lord your God. 23 And Moses spoke with the sons of Israel, and they brought out the blasphemer outside the camp, and stoned him with stones; and the sons of Israel did as the Lord commanded Moses.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Leviticus

References

"... The Onkelos translation was copied by hand before the invention of the printing press in 1447. Many of the scribes had scant knowledge of Aramaic, which was the language of commerce in the Mediterranean area for about a millennium, but was rarely used after the first half of the first millennium of the Common Era. Hence the various Onkelos texts have multiple errors. For example, Scripture’s hamaarekhet in Leviticus 24:6 and 7 is singular; the Sperber text retains the singular, but the Berliner text pluralizes it in 24:7. Later in 24:16, both of these texts lack the kaf before Keir, although it is retained in other Onkelos versions. In 24:22, where the word reappears, only Berliner omits the kaf. Because of this phenomenon, anyone attempting to read meaning into the targumic wording must compare Targum texts ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008), 200.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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