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Onkelos Leviticus

About this book

Penalties for Forbidden Practices

Chapter 20

1 And the Lord spoke with Moses, saying, 2 Speak to the sons of Israel: Any man of the sons of Israel, or of the proselytes who live in Israel, who gives his offspring to Molek shall certainly be put to death; the people of the house of Israel shall stone him with stones. 3 And I will show My displeasure against that man, and will destroy him from among his people, because he has given his offspring to Molek, to defile My sanctuary and to profane My holy Name. 4 And if the people of the house of Israel turn a blind eye to that man when he gives his offspring to Molek, so as to avoid having to put him to death, 5 I will direct My anger against that man, and against his helpers,⁠ and will destroy him, and all who go after him, to wander after Molek, from among their people. 6 And the man who turns to impostors and diviners to wander after them, I will set My displeasure against that man, and will cut him off from among his people. 7 But you shall be sanctified, and be holy; for I am your God. 8 And you shall observe My statutes, and do them: I am the Lord who sanctifies you. 9 For the man who curses his father or his mother shall be surely put to death; he has cursed his father, he is guilty of death. 10 And the man who commits adultery with his neighbor's wife shall be surely put to death; the adulterer and the adulteress. 11 And the man who lies with his father's wife, uncovering his father's nakedness, shall be surely put to death; both of them are guilty of death. 12 And a man who lies with his daughter-in-law, both of them shall be killed: they have committed a perversion, they are guilty of death. 13 And a man who lies with a man as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they are to be surely put to death, they are guilty of death. 14 And when a man takes a wife along with her mother, it is wickedness; both he and they shall be burned with fire; such wickedness shall not be among you. 15 And if a man lies with a beast, he shall be surely put to death, and you shall kill the beast. 16 And if a woman approaches a beast to submit to it, the woman shall be put to death, and the beast; they shall certainly be killed; they are guilty of death. 17 And a man who shall take his sister, the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his mother, and see her nakedness, and she sees his nakedness, it is a disgrace, and they shall be destroyed before the eyes of the children of their people: he has uncovered the nakedness of his sister, he shall receive the punishment for his guilt. 18 And a man who lies with a woman who is unclean, and uncovers her nakedness, he has uncovered her shame, and she has uncovered the uncleanness of her blood: both of them shall be cut off from among their people. 19 Neither shall you uncover the nakedness of your mother's sister, nor of your father's sister; for he will have uncovered that of his close relative; they shall receive punishment for their sin. 20 And if a man lies with the wife of his father's brother, he has uncovered the nakedness of his father's brother; they shall receive punishment for their guilt; they shall die childless. 21 And if a man takes his brother's wife, a forbidden act, he has uncovered the nakedness of his brother, they shall be childless. 22 But you shall keep all My statutes and all My judgments, and do them, so that the land into which I bring you to dwell may not cast you out. 23 You shall not walk in the laws of the peoples whom I drive away from before you; for they have committed all these things, and My Memra has rejected them.⁠ 24 But I have said to you, You shall inherit this land, and I will give it to you to possess it, a land producing milk and honey. I am the Lord your God who has separated you from the peoples. 25 And you shall make distinction between animals clean and unclean, and between birds unclean and clean, and not make your souls abominable by beast, or by bird, or by anything that creeps on the ground which I have set apart as unclean for you. 26 And you shall be holy before Me; for I the Lord am holy, and I have separated you from the nations to be worshipers before Me. 27 A man or a woman who practices deception as a medium or divination shall be certainly put to death; with stones they shall be stoned, they are guilty of death.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 20:5 and Onkelos Leviticus 20:5

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Leviticus 20 warns of punishment for idolaters and their families. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos changes “family” to “helpers” to limit guilt to those involved and replaces God’s “face” with “my anger” to avoid giving God a physical form.

Passages

Leviticus 20:5

Hebrew Bible
4 If, however, the people of the land shut their eyes to that man when he gives some of his children to Molech so that they do not put him to death, 5 I myself will set my face against that man and his clan. I will cut off from the midst of the people both him and all who follow after him in spiritual prostitution, committing prostitution by worshiping Molech. 6 “‘The person who turns to the spirits of the dead and familiar spirits to commit prostitution by going after them, I will set my face against that person and cut him off from the midst of his people.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Onkelos Leviticus 20:5

Targum
4 And if the people of the house of Israel turn a blind eye to that man when he gives his offspring to Molek, so as to avoid having to put him to death, 5 I will direct My anger against that man, and against his helpers, and will destroy him, and all who go after him, to wander after Molek, from among their people. 6 And the man who turns to impostors and diviners to wander after them, I will set My displeasure against that man, and will cut him off from among his people.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Leviticus

References

"... "Helpers" ... Sifra and the Babylonian Talmud, Shevuot 39a, report R. Simeon's question: “Did the family sin [so that they should also be punished]?” Doesn't Deuteronomy 24:16 forbid killing children for their parents’ sin? ... Our targumist avoids the complex theological difficulty by explaining scripture's “family” as “helpers.” Later commentators offer similar answers. Family members are punished only when they hide their eyes and shield him (Sforno). He alone is killed; the rest of the family suffers aggravation (Sifra and Rashi) ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008), 158.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 20:5 and Onkelos Leviticus 20:5

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