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Onkelos Leviticus

About this book

Holiness and Responsibilities toward Others

Chapter 19

1 And the Lord spoke with Moses, saying: 2 Speak with all the congregation of the sons of Israel and say to them, You shall be holy; for I, the Lord your God, am holy. 3 A man shall revere his mother and his father, and you shall keep the day of My Sabbath: I am the Lord your God. 4 Do not turn to idols, nor make cast-metal objects for worship:⁠ I am the Lord your God. 5 And when you offer the sacrifice of consecrated things before the Lord, make the sacrifice of it with your own free will. 6 On the day that it is sacrificed it may be eaten, and on the following day; but what remains on the third day shall be burned with fire. 7 If indeed it is eaten on the third day, the offering is rejected, and shall not be accepted. 8 And whoever eats it shall bear his guilt; for he has profaned that which was consecrated, and that man shall be destroyed from his people. 9 And when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap every corner of your field or gather the gleanings of your harvest. 10 Neither shall you harvest your vineyard completely, nor collect the remainder of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor, and for the stranger: I am the Lord your God. 11 You shall not steal, nor deceive, nor deal falsely with one another. 12 Neither swear by My Name falsely, nor profane the Name of your God: I am the Lord. 13 You shall not oppress your neighbor or take anything by force: a hired worker's wages shall not remain with you until the morning. 14 You shall not curse him who cannot hear, nor put a stumbling block before him who cannot see, but shall fear your God: I am the Lord. 15 You shall not deal falsely in judgment, nor favor the poor or show deference to the powerful; you shall judge your neighbor truthfully. 16 You shall not make false accusations against your people, neither stand by while your neighbor's life is in danger: I am the Lord. 17 You shall not hate your brother in your heart: you shall certainly correct your neighbor and not incur sin because of him. 18 You shall not be revengeful, nor bear a grudge against the children of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself.⁠ I am the Lord. 19 You shall observe My statutes. You shall not crossbreed your cattle with other kinds, sow your field with mixed kinds of seed, or wear a garment made from a mixture of wool and linen. 20 And if a man has sexual relations with a woman, and she is a female servant betrothed to another man, and has not been redeemed with money or freed by a written document, she shall receive lashes; they shall not be put to death, for she was not free. 21 But he shall bring his trespass offering before the Lord, at the door of the Tent of Meeting, a ram for a trespass offering. 22 And the priest shall make atonement with the ram of the trespass offering before the Lord for the sin he has committed, so that he may be forgiven for that sin. 23 And when you have entered the land, and have planted any kind of tree for eating, the fruit of it shall be kept from you; for three years it shall be set aside to be destroyed; it shall not be eaten. 24 But in the fourth year all the fruit shall be consecrated for thanksgiving before the Lord; 25 and in the fifth year you shall eat the fruit of it, so that its yield may increase for you. I am the Lord your God. 26 You shall not eat anything with the blood. You shall not use enchantments, nor augury by the clouds. 27 You shall not shave the hair on your head in a circle, nor destroy the hair of your beard, 28 nor make a cutting for the dead in your flesh; nor tattoo marks on yourselves: I am the Lord. 29 You shall not profane your daughter by making her a prostitute, so that the land does not become a place of prostitution and become filled with wicked practices. 30 Observe My Sabbath days, and hold in reverence the house of My sanctuary. I am the Lord. 31 Do not turn to deceivers or consult diviners to pollute yourselves with them: I am the Lord your God. 32 You shall rise up before one who is a teacher in the law, and honor the elderly, and fear your God. I am the Lord. 33 And if a proselyte lives with you in the land, you shall not oppress him. 34 The proselyte who lives among you shall be treated as someone born among you, and you shall love him as yourself, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God. 35 You shall commit no dishonesty in judgment, in length, in weight, or in measure. 36 You shall have honest scales, honest weights, honest ephahs, and honest hins. I am the Lord your God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt; 37 and you shall keep all My statutes, and all My judgments, and do them: I am the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 19:4 and Onkelos Leviticus 19:4

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Leviticus 19 uses a word that can mean “gods,” which may suggest that idols have a real divine status. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos avoids this interpretation by replacing it with language meaning “fearful thing” or “mistake.”

Passages

Leviticus 19:4

Hebrew Bible
3 Each of you must respect his mother and his father, and you must keep my Sabbaths. I am the Lord your God. 4 Do not turn to idols, and you must not make for yourselves gods of cast metal. I am the Lord your God. 5 “‘When you sacrifice a peace-offering sacrifice to the Lord, you must sacrifice it so that it is accepted for you.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Onkelos Leviticus 19:4

Targum
3 A man shall revere his mother and his father, and you shall keep the day of My Sabbath: I am the Lord your God. 4 Do not turn to idols, nor make cast-metal objects for worship: I am the Lord your God. 5 And when you offer the sacrifice of consecrated things before the Lord, make the sacrifice of it with your own free will.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Leviticus

References

"... The Onkelos targumist, ever respectful of God, was concerned to avoid creating any misleading intimation of divinity to idols. Thus, when the Torah uses a form of el, “god,” to describe an idol, he does not insert this noun into his translation, but downgrades the idol to a sham, thereby precluding his unsophisticated readers from imagining that many gods exist. He substitutes a form of the words dachal or ta'avat. The first denotes “a fearful thing” and the second “a mistake.” The former appears only once in the Leviticus translation, in 19:4, while the latter occurs thrice, in 19:4, 26:1, and 26:30 ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008), 156.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 19:4 and Onkelos Leviticus 19:4

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