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Onkelos Leviticus

About this book

Forbidden Relations and Practices

Chapter 18

1 And the Lord spoke with Moses, saying: 2 Speak with the sons of Israel, and say to them: I am the Lord your God: 3 You shall not act like the people of the land of Egypt, where you lived, or follow the practices of the people of the land of Canaan, where I am bringing you; neither shall you follow their laws. 4 You shall carry out My judgments and observe My statutes by following them; I am the Lord your God. 5 And you shall keep My statutes and My judgments, by which a man who does them shall live an everlasting life.⁠ I am the Lord. 6 No man shall approach any close relative to uncover the nakedness; I am the Lord. 7 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father or your mother. She is your mother; you shall not uncover her nakedness. 8 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father's wife, it is your father's nakedness. 9 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your sister, the daughter of your father or your mother, whether born to your father by another wife or to your mother by another husband. 10 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your son's daughter or your daughter's daughter; for they are your nakedness. 11 You shall not uncover the nakedness of the daughter of your father's wife, born to your father; she is your sister. 12 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father's sister: she is related to your father. 13 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your mother's sister; for she is related to your mother. 14 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father's brother; you shall not approach his wife; she is the wife of your father's brother. 15 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your daughter-in-law; she is your son's wife; you shall not uncover her nakedness. 16 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your brother's wife; it is your brother's nakedness. 17 You shall not uncover the nakedness of a woman and her daughter; you shall not take the daughter of her son nor the daughter of her daughter to uncover her nakedness; they are closely related, it is a wicked scheme. 18 And you shall not take a woman together with her sister to cause her distress by uncovering her sister's nakedness during her lifetime. 19 And you shall not approach a woman during her separation for uncleanness to uncover her nakedness. 20 Nor shall you have sexual relations with your neighbor's wife to defile yourself with her. 21 And you shall give none of your children to be transferred to Molek,⁠ neither shall you profane the Name of the Lord your God: I am the Lord. 22 And you shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abhorrent thing. 23 Nor shall you lie with any animal to defile yourself with it; neither shall a woman stand before a beast to allow it to have power over her; it is confusion. 24 You shall not pollute yourselves with any of these; for the peoples whom I am about to drive away from before you have defiled themselves with all these practices. 25 And the land itself is contaminated; and I will punish its guilt, and the land shall empty out the inhabitants. 26 But you shall keep My statutes and My judgments, and commit none of these abominations, neither the native born nor the proselytes who live among you; 27 for all these abominations have been done by the men of the land who have been before you, and the land has been polluted; 28 so that the land does not empty you out when you defile it; as it will have cast out the people who were before you. 29 For whoever commits any of these abominations, the souls that do them shall be destroyed from among their people. 30 And you shall observe the command of My Memra, that you do not follow the abominable customs⁠ which have been done before you, nor be corrupted by them. I am the Lord your God.

Texts in conversation

Compare Onkelos Leviticus 18:5 and Luke 10:28

Targum · New Testament

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Summary

Leviticus connects obedience to the Torah with life in the land. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos expands this to eternal life, an interpretation also in Luke where Jesus says that obeying the Torah leads to life.

Passages

Onkelos Leviticus 18:5

Targum
3 You shall not act like the people of the land of Egypt, where you lived, or follow the practices of the people of the land of Canaan, where I am bringing you; neither shall you follow their laws. 4 You shall carry out My judgments and observe My statutes by following them; I am the Lord your God. 5 And you shall keep My statutes and My judgments, by which a man who does them shall live an everlasting life. I am the Lord. 6 No man shall approach any close relative to uncover the nakedness; I am the Lord. 7 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your father or your mother. She is your mother; you shall not uncover her nakedness.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Leviticus

Luke 10:28

New Testament
25 Now an expert in religious law stood up to test Jesus, saying, “Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?” 26 He said to him, “What is written in the law? How do you understand it?” 27 The expert answered, “Love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind, and love your neighbor as yourself.” 28 Jesus said to him, “You have answered correctly; do this, and you will live.” 29 But the expert, wanting to justify himself, said to Jesus, “And who is my neighbor?” 30 Jesus replied, “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell into the hands of robbers, who stripped him, beat him up, and went off, leaving him half dead.
75–85 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Luke

References

"... Luke 10:25–28 provides an instance of exegetical coherence. When an expert in the Mosaic law answered his own question, ‘What should I do to inherit eternal life?’ (Luke 10:25), by reciting the ‘double commandment’ (Luke 10:27; compare Deuteronomy 6:5; Leviticus 19:18), Jesus is said to have replied, ‘Do this and you will live’ (Luke 10:28). These words constitute a paraphrase of Leviticus 18:5 ‘doing them the man will live.’ But Leviticus 18 has nothing to do with eternal life, so why would appeal to it give reassurance to the man who had asked the question about eternal life? Leviticus 18 concerns long life and prosperity in the promised land, as a reward for obeying the laws of the covenant. Jesus’ understanding of Leviticus 18:5 reflects targumic exegesis. According to Onqelos: ‘You shall therefore keep my statutes and my ordinances, by doing which a person shall live through them in eternal life; I am the LORD.’ According to Pseudo-Jonathan: ‘You shall therefore keep my statutes and my ordinances, by doing which a person shall live in eternal life, and his portion shall be with the righteous; I am the LORD’ ..."
Craig A. Evans, ed., Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus (New York: Routledge, 2008), 619.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Onkelos Leviticus 18:5 and Luke 10:28

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