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Onkelos Leviticus

About this book

Sacrifices and the Prohibition of Blood

Chapter 17

1 And the Lord spoke with Moses, saying: 2 Speak with Aaron, and with his sons, and with all the sons of Israel, and say to them: This is the word which the Lord has commanded, saying: 3 Any man of the house of Israel who shall kill a bull or lamb or goat in the camp, or who shall kill such sacrificial animals outside the camp, 4 and does not bring it to the door of the Tent of Meeting, so that it may be offered as an offering in the presence of the Lord before the tabernacle of the Lord, bloodguilt shall be charged to that man; he has shed blood, and that man shall be destroyed from his people. 5 In order that the sons of Israel may bring their sacrificial animals which they formerly sacrificed in the open field, before the Lord at the door of the Tent of Meeting, to the priest, and offer them as holy offerings in the presence of the Lord. 6 And the priest shall sprinkle the blood on the altar of the Lord at the door of the Tent of Meeting, and burn the fat to be received with acceptance before the Lord. 7 And they shall no more sacrifice their sacrificial animals to demons after which they have wandered: this shall be an everlasting statute to you for your generations. 8 And say to them, Any man of the house of Israel, or the proselyte who lives among you, who offers a burnt offering or a holy sacrifice, 9 and does not bring it to the door of the Tent of Meeting, so that it may be performed before the Lord, that man shall be destroyed from his people. 10 And any man of the house of Israel or of the strangers who live among you, who shall eat any blood, I will direct My anger against the man who has eaten blood,⁠ and will destroy him from among his people. 11 Because the life of flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul. 12 Therefore I have said to the children of Israel, Let no man of you eat blood, nor let the strangers who live among you eat blood; 13 and any man of the sons of Israel, or of the strangers who live among you, who hunts an animal or bird which may be eaten, let him pour out its blood and cover it with earth; 14 for the life of all flesh is its blood; it is for its life; and I have said to the children of Israel, You shall not eat the blood of any flesh, for the life of all flesh is its blood; everyone who eats of it shall be destroyed. 15 And everyone who eats from an animal that died naturally or was torn by wild animals, whether he is native-born or a proselyte, let him wash his clothes, and bathe in water, and be unclean until the evening, and then he shall be clean. 16 But if he does not wash his clothes or bathe his body, he shall bear his transgression.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 17:10 and Onkelos Leviticus 17:10

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Leviticus 17 warns that God will “set my face” against anyone who eats blood, language that suggests a physical act. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos changes this to “my anger,” following a common practice to avoid describing God like a human.

Passages

Leviticus 17:10

Hebrew Bible
9 but does not bring it to the entrance of the Meeting Tent to offer it to the Lord—that person will be cut off from his people. 10 “‘Any man from the house of Israel or from the resident foreigners who live in their midst who eats any blood, I will set my face against that person who eats the blood, and I will cut him off from the midst of his people, 11 for the life of every living thing is in the blood. So I myself have assigned it to you on the altar to make atonement for your lives, for the blood makes atonement by means of the life.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Onkelos Leviticus 17:10

Targum
9 and does not bring it to the door of the Tent of Meeting, so that it may be performed before the Lord, that man shall be destroyed from his people. 10 And any man of the house of Israel or of the strangers who live among you, who shall eat any blood, I will direct My anger against the man who has eaten blood, and will destroy him from among his people. 11 Because the life of flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Leviticus

References

"... Rashi, who was unconcerned about describing God anthropomorphically, cites Sifra and explains that the Torah’s panai is derived from penai, “my leisure,” or poneh, “turn”: “I will turn from my present occupation and deal with this man” ... The targumist, who abhorred portraying the deity as acting or resting like weak humans, understood panai as either the metaphor penei, “my face,” or apai, “my nostrils,” and explained the figure of speech as anger. Compare 20:3, 5, 6, and 26:17, as well as Exodus 22:23, 32:10, and Deuteronomy 31:17. Why was the targumist apparently unconcerned here about portraying the deity as being subject to human emotions? One can only speculate on this subject: it is possible that he did not want to change his translation too much from the original Hebrew and he thought that his audience would know that God has no human feelings ..."
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Leviticus: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2008), 135.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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