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Onkelos Genesis

About this book

Blessing and Commands for Noah

Chapter 9

1 And the Lord blessed Noah and his sons, and said to them, Spread out, and multiply, and fill the earth. 2 And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every wild animal of the earth, and upon every bird of the heavens, on everything that crawls on the earth, and on all fish of the sea; they shall be delivered into your hands. 3 Every moving thing that lives shall be yours to eat; as the green plants I have given you everything. 4 But the flesh with its life-blood you shall not eat. 5 And also I will require an accounting for your lifeblood; I will require it from every animal, and from the hand of man. From the hand of the man who sheds the blood of his brother I will require an accounting for human life. 6 Whoever sheds the blood of man, by witnesses, by the sentence of the judges, his blood shall be shed;⁠ because He made humans in the image of God. 7 And you, spread out and multiply; have offspring on the earth and multiply on it.

The Covenant and the Bow

8 And the Lord spoke to Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, 9 And I, look, I establish my covenant with you and with your children after you, 10 and with every living thing which is with you, birds, of cattle, and of every wild animal of the field that is with you, of all coming out from the ark of every animal of the earth. 11 And I will establish My covenant with you, and all flesh shall never again be destroyed by the waters of a flood, nor shall there be again a flood to destroy the earth. 12 And the Lord said, This is the sign of the covenant which I give between My Memra, and between you, and between every living soul that is with you for all future generations. 13 I have set My bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a sign of the covenant between My Memra and between the earth. 14 And it shall be that when I bring clouds over the earth, the bow shall be seen in the cloud, 15 and I will remember the covenant which is between My Memra, and between you, and between every living soul of all flesh; and there shall never again be floodwaters to destroy all flesh. 16 And the bow shall be in the cloud, and I will look at it, to remember the everlasting covenant between the Memra of the Lord and between every living soul of all flesh that is upon the earth. 17 And the Lord said, This is the sign of the covenant which I have established between My Memra and between all flesh which is upon the earth.

Noah and His Sons

18 And the sons of Noah who came out from the ark were Shem and Ham and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan. 19 These three are the sons of Noah, and from them the whole earth was populated. 20 And Noah began to work the ground; and he planted a vineyard, 21 and he drank of the wine, and was drunk; and he was uncovered inside of his tent. 22 And Ham the father of Canaan saw the nakedness of his father, and he told his two brothers outside. 23 And Shem and Japheth took a garment, and placed it on the shoulders of both, and went backward, and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were turned away, and they did not see their father's nakedness. 24 And Noah woke from his drunkenness, and knew what his youngest son had done to him; 25 and he said: Cursed be Canaan, He shall be a laboring slave to his brothers. 26 And he said: Blessed be the Lord the God of Shem, And Canaan shall be a slave to them. 27 The Lord shall enlarge Japheth, And he shall cause His Shekinah to dwell in the tents of Shem: And Canaan shall be a slave to them. 28 And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years. 29 And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years; and he died.

Texts in conversation

Compare Onkelos Genesis 9:6 and Matthew 5:22

Targum · New Testament

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Summary

In Matthew, Jesus treats murder as a matter for a court, saying a murderer is liable to judgment, language with no known source in the Hebrew Bible. In the Aramaic Targum Onkelos on Genesis, judges similarly condemn a murderer on witnesses’ testimony.

Passages

Onkelos Genesis 9:6

Targum
4 But the flesh with its life-blood you shall not eat. 5 And also I will require an accounting for your lifeblood; I will require it from every animal, and from the hand of man. From the hand of the man who sheds the blood of his brother I will require an accounting for human life. 6 Whoever sheds the blood of man, by witnesses, by the sentence of the judges, his blood shall be shed; because He made humans in the image of God. 7 And you, spread out and multiply; have offspring on the earth and multiply on it. 8 And the Lord spoke to Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, 9 And I, look, I establish my covenant with you and with your children after you, 10 and with every living thing which is with you, birds, of cattle, and of every wild animal of the field that is with you, of all coming out from the ark of every animal of the earth.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

Matthew 5:22

New Testament
21 “You have heard that it was said to an older generation, ‘Do not murder,’ and ‘whoever murders will be subjected to judgment.’ 22 But I say to you that anyone who is angry with a brother will be subjected to judgment. And whoever insults a brother will be brought before the council, and whoever says ‘Fool’ will be sent to fiery hell. 23 So then, if you bring your gift to the altar and there you remember that your brother has something against you, 24 leave your gift there in front of the altar. First go and be reconciled to your brother and then come and present your gift.
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

References

"... The first antithesis is introduced in Matthew 5:21 with the formula: “You have heard that it was said to the men of old”. Whereas the first part of the saying that follows (“You shall not kill”) is obviously taken from Exodus 20:13 (= Deuteronomy 5:17), the rest cannot be found in any Old Testament text. Martin McNamara was the first to point to the targumic paraphrase of Genesis 9:6 as a clear parallel to he Matthew 5:21 ending. Targum Onqelos interprets the biblical “Whosoever sheds man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed ...” as relating to a juridical procedure in which “by man” means “following the testimony of witnesses according to the decision (sentence) of judges”: The targumic paraphrase of the Torah seems to have been one of the pillars of public teaching in the synagogue already in the late Second Temple period. Biblical passages, therefore, could often be remembered in their Aramaic form, and it is highly probable that the popular exegetical tradition concerning Genesis 9:6 (attested in Targum Onqelos and also in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan) was in great part responsible (together with Exodus 20:13) for the quotation form in Matthew 5:21 ..."
Serge Ruzer, Mapping the New Testament: Early Christian Writings as a Witness for Jewish Biblical Exegesis (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 12–13.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Onkelos Genesis 9:6 and Matthew 5:22

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