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Onkelos Genesis

About this book

Jacob Calls His Sons

Chapter 49

1 And Jacob called his sons, and said, Gather together, and I will tell you what will happen to you at the end of days; 2 assemble, and listen, sons of Jacob, and receive instruction from Israel your father,

Jacob's Blessings for His Sons

3 Reuben, you are my first-born, my strength, and the beginning of my power. You should have received the three portions: the birthright, the priesthood, and the kingdom: but because you have acted perversely, 4 look, as water poured out, you will not prosper, nor will you receive the excellent portion; because you went up to your father's sleeping place: then, my son, you became defiled when you went up to my bed. 5 Simeon and Levi are brothers; mighty men in the land of their residence, they did mightily. 6 My soul had no part in their secret plan; I would not have lowered my honor by joining their company. For in their anger they killed people, and in their willfulness they razed the wall of their enemy. 7 Cursed was their anger, for it was strong, and their anger, for it was relentless. I will divide them in Jacob, and I will scatter them in Israel. 8 Judah, you have confessed and have not been ashamed; your brothers shall praise you; your hand shall prevail against your adversaries, your enemies shall be dispersed; they will be turned backward before you, and the sons of your father will come before you with greetings. 9 The dominion shall be yours in the beginning, and in the end the kingdom shall be increased from the house of Judah, because from the judgment of death, my son, you have withdrawn. He shall rest and remain in strength as a lion, and as a lioness, there shall be no king that may cut him off. 10 He who rules shall not pass away from the house of Judah, nor the saphra from his children's children forever, until the Meshiha comes, to whom the kingdom belongs and whom the nations shall obey.⁠ 11 He shall lead Israel around His city; the people shall build his temple, they will be righteous around him, and obey the law through his teaching. His clothes will be of fine purple, and his outer garment of crimson wool with colors. 12 His mountains shall be red with his vineyards, and his vats shall overflow with wine; his valleys shall be white with grain, and with flocks of sheep. 13 Zebulun will dwell near the harbor of the sea; he will subdue provinces with ships, and will eat the good of the sea, and his boundary shall come to Sidon. 14 Issachar, rich in possessions, will have his heritage between the boundaries; 15 and he, seeing that his portion is good, and the land that it is fruit-bearing, will subdue the provinces of the people, and disperse their inhabitants, and those who remain of them will become servants to him and tribute bearers. 16 From the house of Dan will be chosen and will arise a man in whose days his people shall be delivered, and in whose years the tribes of Israel have rest together. 17 A chosen man will arise from the house of Dan, the terror of whom shall fall upon the peoples; a man who will strike the Philistines with strength, as the serpent, the deadly serpent, lurking by the way, he will kill the mighty of the Philistines' army, both cavalry and infantry; he will disable the horses and chariots, and throw their riders backward. 18 I have waited for Your salvation, Lord! 19 From the house of Gad will armed forces cross the Jordan before their brothers to the battle; and they will return to their land with many possessions. 20 The land of Asher will be good; and it shall provide him with royal delicacies. 21 Naphtali's lot will be cast in a good land, and his inheritance be fruitful; for them they will give praise and blessing. 22 Joseph is my son who shall increase, my son who shall be blessed, as a vine planted by a spring of waters. Two tribes will come from his sons, and they shall receive a portion and inheritance. 23 The mighty men, the men of division, were bitter against him; they afflicted him and deeply grieved him. 24 His prophecy was fulfilled regarding them because he was faithful to the law in secret and set his confidence firmly. Therefore gold was placed on his arm, and the kingdom was strengthened and confirmed. This was to him from the mighty God of Jacob, who by His Memra sustains the fathers and the children of the descendants of Israel. 25 The Memra of the God of your father shall be your Helper, and the All-Sufficient shall bless you, with the blessings of the dew that descends from the heavens above, with the blessings that spring from the depths of the earth beneath, with the blessings of your father and your mother. 26 The blessing of your father shall be added on the blessing with which my ancestors blessed me; which the princes who are of the world have desired: all of them shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the man who was separated from his brothers. 27 Benjamin: the Shekina will dwell in his land, and the sanctuary will be built in his possession. In the morning and afternoon the priests will offer the sacrifice, and at evening divide the remaining portions of the residue of the sacred things.

Jacob's Burial Instructions and Death

28 All these are the twelve tribes of Israel; and this is what their father said to them, and blessed them; he blessed each man according to his blessing. 29 And he commanded them, and said to them, I am to be gathered to my people; bury me with my ancestors in the cave which is in the field of Ephron the Hittite; 30 in the cave which is in the double field opposite Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which field Abraham bought from Ephron the Hittite for an burial possession. 31 There they buried Abraham and Sarah his wife; there they buried Isaac and Rebekah his wife; and there I buried Leah. 32 The field, and the cave that is in it, was purchased from the sons of Heth. 33 And Jacob finished instructing his sons, and drew his feet together in the bed, and died, and was gathered to his people.

Texts in conversation

Compare Onkelos Genesis 49:10 and Mark 11:2

Targum · New Testament

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Summary

Genesis 49 describes a ruler from Judah tying his colt to a vine, interpreted in the Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos as a sign of a messianic king. Mark’s image of Jesus entering Jerusalem on a colt may have been influenced by a similar tradition.

Passages

Onkelos Genesis 49:10

Targum
9 The dominion shall be yours in the beginning, and in the end the kingdom shall be increased from the house of Judah, because from the judgment of death, my son, you have withdrawn. He shall rest and remain in strength as a lion, and as a lioness, there shall be no king that may cut him off. 10 He who rules shall not pass away from the house of Judah, nor the saphra from his children's children forever, until the Meshiha comes, to whom the kingdom belongs and whom the nations shall obey. 11 He shall lead Israel around His city; the people shall build his temple, they will be righteous around him, and obey the law through his teaching. His clothes will be of fine purple, and his outer garment of crimson wool with colors. 12 His mountains shall be red with his vineyards, and his vats shall overflow with wine; his valleys shall be white with grain, and with flocks of sheep.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

Mark 11:2

New Testament
1 Now as they approached Jerusalem, near Bethphage and Bethany, at the Mount of Olives, Jesus sent two of his disciples 2 and said to them, “Go to the village ahead of you. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt tied there that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it here. 3 If anyone says to you, ‘Why are you doing this?’ say, ‘The Lord needs it and will send it back here soon.’” 4 So they went and found a colt tied at a door, outside in the street, and untied it. 5 Some people standing there said to them, “What are you doing, untying that colt?” 6 They replied as Jesus had told them, and the bystanders let them go. 7 Then they brought the colt to Jesus, threw their cloaks on it, and he sat on it.
60–75 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Mark

References

"... In Genesis 49:10-11, Jacob prophesies that 'the scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until tribute comes to him: and the obedience of the peoples is his. Binding his foal to the vine and his donkey's colt to the choice vine, he washes his garments in wine and his robe in the blood of grapes... This line was given a messianic interpretation in Judaism. In Targum Onkelos, for example ..."
Dale C. Allison, Scriptural Allusions in the New Testament: Light from the Dead Sea Scrolls (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2019), 49–50.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Onkelos Genesis 49:10 and Mark 11:2

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