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Onkelos Genesis

About this book

The Descendants of Noah

Chapter 10

1 And these are the descendants of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth; and sons were born to them after the flood. 2 The sons of Japheth, Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. 3 And the sons of Gomer, Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. 4 And the sons of Javan, Elishah and Tarshish, Kittim and Dodanim. 5 From these the islands of the nations were divided in their lands, each according to his language, according to their families in their nations.

The Descendants of Ham

6 And the sons of Ham, Cush, and Mizraim, and Put, and Canaan. 7 And the sons of Cush, Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtekah. And the sons of Raamah, Sheba and Dedan. 8 And Cush fathered Nimrod: he began to be a powerful man in the earth. 9 He was a powerful man before the Lord: therefore it is said, Like Nimrod the man of might before the Lord. 10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, and Erech, and Akkad, and Calneh in the land of Babylon.⁠ 11 From that land he went to Assyria, and built Nineveh, and the city of Rehoboth, and Calah, 12 and Resen, between Nineveh and Calah, which was a great city. 13 And Mizraim fathered the Ludaee, and Anamaee, and Lehabaee, and Naphtuhaee, 14 and Pathrusaee, and Kasluchaee, from whom came the Philistines and Cappadocians. 15 And Canaan fathered Sidon his firstborn, and Heth, 16 and the Jebusites, and Amorites, and Girgashites, 17 and Hivites, and Arkaee, and Antasaee, 18 and Arvadaee, and Zemaraee, and Chamathaee: and afterwards the descendants of the Canaanites were scattered. 19 And the frontier of the Canaanites was from Sidon, toward Gerar and Gaza, toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha. 20 These are the sons of Ham, according to their families, to their languages, in their lands, in their peoples.

The Descendants of Shem

21 And children were also born to Shem, the father of all the sons of Eber and the brother of Japheth the Great: 22 the sons of Shem, Elam, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram. 23 And the sons of Aram, Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash. 24 And Arphaxad fathered Shelah; and Shelah fathered Eber. 25 And to Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg: because in his day the earth was divided. And the name of his brother was Joktan. 26 And Joktan fathered Almodad, and Sheleph, and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah, 27 and Hadoram, and Uzal, and Diklah, 28 and Obal, and Avimael, and Sheba, 29 and Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab: all these are the sons of Joktan. 30 And their territory extended from Mesha toward Sephar, a mountain in the east. 31 These are the sons of Shem, according to their families, according to their languages, in their lands, in their peoples. 32 These are the families of the sons of Noah, by their generations, in their peoples: and from them the peoples spread across the earth after the flood.

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Compare Genesis 10:10 and Onkelos Genesis 10:10

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis 10 locates Nimrod’s kingdom in Shinar. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos changes this to Babylon, harmonizing the name with what it was called in the translators’ time. This follows a pattern in the Targums of updating the geography.

Passages

Genesis 10:10

Hebrew Bible
9 He was a mighty hunter before the Lord. (That is why it is said, “Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the Lord.”) 10 The primary regions of his kingdom were Babel, Erech, Akkad, and Calneh in the land of Shinar. 11 From that land he went to Assyria, where he built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah,
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Onkelos Genesis 10:10

Targum
9 He was a powerful man before the Lord: therefore it is said, Like Nimrod the man of might before the Lord. 10 And the beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, and Erech, and Akkad, and Calneh in the land of Babylon. 11 From that land he went to Assyria, and built Nineveh, and the city of Rehoboth, and Calah,
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Genesis

References

"... In all the Targums, for instance, “Argob” (Deuteronomy 3:4) is translated by “Trachonitis,” “Ararat” (Genesis 8:4) by “Kardu” (Cordyene; this translation is also found in the Peshitta), “Zoan” (Numbers 13:22) by “Tanis” (an interpretation also found in the Septuagint), and “Caphtorim” (Genesis 10:14) by “Cappadocians” (also found in the Septuagint). In this respect, the Targums, as is evident, are in step with the translation technique of late antiquity, and many cities and provinces of the time are identified, with varying degrees of plausibility,with biblical locations in the Targums ... They do not always agree in the identifications, however; for instance, in Genesis 10:10, Onkelos and Neofiti translate “Shinar” as “Babylon,” while Pseudo-Jonathan and one manuscript of the Fragment-Targum translate it as “Pontus.” ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 10:10 and Onkelos Genesis 10:10

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