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Onkelos Exodus

About this book

The Burning Bush and the Call of Moses

Chapter 3

1 And Moses was tending the flock of Jethro his father-in-law, the chief of Midian, and he led the flock to the place of the best pastures of the wilderness,⁠ and came to the mountain on which the glory of the Lord was revealed, to Horeb. 2 And the Angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire in the middle of a bush. And he looked, and saw the bush burning with fire, yet the bush was not consumed. 3 And Moses said, I will turn aside now and see this great sight, why the bush is not burned up. 4 And the Lord saw that he turned aside to see, and the Lord called to him from the middle of the bush, and said, Moses, Moses! And he said, Here I am. 5 And He said, Do not come near here; take the sandals off your feet, for the place where you are standing is holy. 6 And He said, I am the God of your fathers; the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look at the glory of the Lord. 7 And the Lord said, The bondage of My people who are in Egypt is surely revealed before Me, and their cry because of their taskmasters is heard before Me; for their afflictions are revealed before Me;⁠ 8 and I have revealed Myself to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up from that land to a good and large land, a land producing milk and honey, to the place of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites. 9 And now, look, the cry of the sons of Israel has come up before Me, and the oppression with which the Egyptians oppress them is also revealed before Me. 10 And now, come, I will send you to Pharaoh, and will bring the sons of Israel out of Egypt. 11 And Moses said before the Lord, Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh to bring the sons of Israel out of Egypt? 12 And He said, Because My Memra shall be your helper:⁠ and this shall be the sign that I have sent you: when you lead the people out of Egypt, you shall worship before the Lord on this mountain. 13 And Moses said before the Lord, Look, when I come to the sons of Israel and say to them, The God of your fathers has sent me to you, and they say to me, What is His name? what shall I say to them? 14 And the Lord said to Moses, EHEYEH ASHER EHEYEH. And He said, This is what you shall say to the sons of Israel, EHEYEH has sent me to you. 15 The Lord also said to Moses, This is what you shall say to the sons of Israel, The Lord, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you. This is My Name forever, and this is My Memorial for every generation. 16 Go and gather the elders of Israel and say to them, The Lord, the God of your fathers, has revealed Himself to me, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, saying, I have surely remembered you, and what has been done to you in Egypt; 17 and I have said that I will bring you up from the bondage of Egypt to the land of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites, to a land producing milk and honey. 18 And they will obey you, and you shall go, you and the elders of Israel, to the king of Egypt, and say to him, The Lord, the God of the Jews, has called us; and now let us go a journey of three days into the desert, so that we may sacrifice before the Lord our God. 19 But it is known before Me that the king of Egypt will not let you go, not even because of the One whose power is mighty. 20 But I will send the blow of My power, and will strike the Egyptians with all My miracles which I will perform among them, and after that they will send you away. 21 And I will make this people find favor in the eyes of the Egyptians, and when you go, you shall not go empty-handed. 22 But each woman shall ask her neighbor and the woman who lives in her house for articles of silver and of gold and for clothing, and you shall put them on your sons and on your daughters, and so you shall empty Egypt.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 3:7 and Onkelos Exodus 3:7

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Exodus 3 depicts God seeing and hearing Israel’s suffering, with human language. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos changes “seeing” to “was revealed” and “hearing” to “accepted,” avoiding language that describes God acting like a human.

Passages

Exodus 3:7

Hebrew Bible
6 He added, “I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” Then Moses hid his face, because he was afraid to look at God. 7 The Lord said, “I have surely seen the affliction of my people who are in Egypt. I have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sorrows. 8 I have come down to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up from that land to a land that is both good and spacious, to a land flowing with milk and honey, to the region of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Onkelos Exodus 3:7

Targum
6 And He said, I am the God of your fathers; the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look at the glory of the Lord. 7 And the Lord said, The bondage of My people who are in Egypt is surely revealed before Me, and their cry because of their taskmasters is heard before Me; for their afflictions are revealed before Me; 8 and I have revealed Myself to deliver them from the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up from that land to a good and large land, a land producing milk and honey, to the place of the Canaanites, and the Hittites, and the Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, and the Jebusites.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Exodus

References

"... One striking characteristic of the Targums is their treatment of anthropomorphic language in speaking of God. It is important to note that this is simply part of the Targumic approach to figurative language in general. We are not sure whether the biblical writers believed their language about God to be figurative, but it is certain that the targumists thought it was. (Some anti-anthropomorphism is implicit in Israelite religion - Exodus 20:4 - but becomes programmatic only in the late Second Temple period) For instance, when the biblical text says that God “sees,” the targumists often substitute some form of the root “to reveal, be manifest” ... The targumists treat the hearing of God somewhat differently. Sometimes they cast the verb into the passive ... In other cases, the verb “receive, accept” is used as a substitute, especially when the idea of “listening to” someone is uppermost. The Targums are not uniform in the ways they avoid figurative speech about God, nor do they always agree on which instances call for paraphrase ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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