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Onkelos Deuteronomy

About this book

Marriage and Admission to the Congregation

Chapter 23

1 A man shall not take his father's wife, nor violate his father's marriage bed. 2 He who is castrated or ruptured shall not be clean so as to enter into the congregation of the Lord. 3 A mamzer shall not be clean, so as to enter into the congregation of the Lord; his offspring also to the tenth generation shall not be clean, so as to enter into the congregation of the Lord. 4 An Ammonite or a Moabite shall not be clean, so as to enter into the congregation of the Lord; neither to the tenth generation shall they be clean ever to enter the congregation of the Lord; 5 because they did not meet you with bread and water in the way, when you came up from Egypt; and because they hired Balaam son of Beor from Pethor in Aram, upon the Euphrates, to curse you. 6 But the Lord your God would not listen to Balaam, and the Lord your God turned the curses into blessings, because the Lord your God loved you. 7 You shall not seek their peace nor their prosperity all your days forever. 8 You shall not detest an Edomite, for he is your brother; you shall not detest an Egyptian, for you were a foreigner in his land. 9 The children that are born to them of the third generation shall be clean, so as to enter into the congregation of the Lord.

Keeping the Camp Clean

10 When you go out as an army against your enemies, then guard against every wicked thing. 11 If there is among you a man who is not clean, by a nocturnal emission, let him go outside the camp, let him not enter into the middle of the camp, 12 but at evening let him wash with water, and at sunset he may come into the camp. 13 And a place shall be appointed for you outside of the camp, so that you may go out there. 14 And you shall have a digging blade with your equipment, so that when you sit outside you may dig with it, and cover your excrement. 15 For the Shekinah of the Lord your God walks among your camp to save you and deliver up your enemies before you,⁠ and your camp shall be sacred, so that nothing offensive may be seen among you, or His Memra will turn away from doing you good.

Protection, Lending, and Vows

16 You shall not deliver up a slave of the Gentiles into the hand of his master, when he has escaped to you from his master; 17 he shall live with you among you in the place that he may choose in one of your cities where it may be best for him; you shall not oppress him. 18 No woman of the children of Israel may be the wife of a man who is a slave; neither shall any man of the sons of Israel marry a female slave. 19 You shall not bring the earnings of prostitution nor the price of a dog into the house of the sanctuary of the Lord your God, for any vow; for even both of them are an abomination before the Lord your God. 20 You shall not charge your brother interest; the interest of money, of grain, or of anything that produces interest. 21 From a Gentile you may take interest, but from your brother you shall not take it; for the Lord your God will bless you in all that you put your hand to in the land to which you go to possess it. 22 When you make a vow before the Lord your God, you shall not delay to fulfill it; for the Lord your God will certainly require it of you, and you would become guilty of sin. 23 Yet if you should refrain from making a vow, it will not be sin in you. 24 What has come from your lips you shall take care to fulfill; as you have vowed before the Lord your God, you shall fulfill freely what you have spoken with your lips. 25 If you come for hire into your neighbor's vineyard, you may eat grapes to satisfy your hunger; but you shall not put them into your container. 26 If you come into your neighbor's ripe grain, you may pick the full heads of grain with your hand, but not use a sickle on your neighbor's grain.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 23:14 and Onkelos Deuteronomy 23:15

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Deuteronomy 23 describes God walking through the Israelite camp, suggesting that God has a body. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos avoids this by using “Shekinah,” or glory, to describe God's nearness while removing embodied language.

Passages

Deuteronomy 23:14

Hebrew Bible
13 You must have a spade among your other equipment, and when you relieve yourself outside you must dig a hole with the spade and then turn and cover your excrement. 14 For the Lord your God walks about in the middle of your camp to deliver you and defeat your enemies for you. Therefore your camp should be holy, so that he does not see anything indecent among you and turn away from you. 15 You must not return an escaped slave to his master when he has run away to you.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Onkelos Deuteronomy 23:15

Targum
14 And you shall have a digging blade with your equipment, so that when you sit outside you may dig with it, and cover your excrement. 15 For the Shekinah of the Lord your God walks among your camp to save you and deliver up your enemies before you, and your camp shall be sacred, so that nothing offensive may be seen among you, or His Memra will turn away from doing you good. 16 You shall not deliver up a slave of the Gentiles into the hand of his master, when he has escaped to you from his master;
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Deuteronomy

References

"... the concept of the visible glory of God as a substitute for speech about the visible God was well known before the Targums were written, and the targumists follow in the steps of that tradition. “Glory” can also be used wherever the targumist wished to render any biblical text that suggested God was spatially located in a place, as in Genesis 28:16 (Onkelos, Neofiti) ... Deuteronomy 23:15: Unlike the term “glory,” the term Shekhinah did not already have a long tradition behind it in Jewish theology, but the concept goes back to the biblical use of the verb used to denote the “dwelling” or local manifestation of God (Exodus 40:35; Deuteronomy 33:16) ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 23:14 and Onkelos Deuteronomy 23:15

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