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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 9

1 The Lord spoke to Moses in the desert of Sinai, in the first month of the second year after they had come out of the land of Egypt: 2 “The Israelites are to observe the Passover at its appointed time. 3 In the fourteenth day of this month, at twilight, you are to observe it at its appointed time; you must keep it in accordance with all its statutes and all its customs.” 4 So Moses instructed the Israelites to observe the Passover. 5 And they observed the Passover on the fourteenth day of the first month at twilight in the desert of Sinai; in accordance with all that the Lord had commanded Moses, so the Israelites did. 6 It happened that some men who were ceremonially defiled by the dead body of a man could not keep the Passover on that day, so they came before Moses and before Aaron on that day. 7 And those men said to Moses, “We are ceremonially defiled by the dead body of a man; why are we kept back from offering the Lord’s offering at its appointed time among the Israelites?” 8 So Moses said to them, “Remain here and I will hear what the Lord will command concerning you.” 9 The Lord spoke to Moses: 10 “Tell the Israelites, ‘If any of you or of your posterity become ceremonially defiled by touching a dead body, or are on a journey far away, then he may observe the Passover to the Lord. 11 They may observe it on the fourteenth day of the second month at twilight;⁠ they are to eat it with bread made without yeast and with bitter herbs. 12 They must not leave any of it until morning, nor break any of its bones; they must observe it in accordance with every statute of the Passover. 13 “‘But the man who is ceremonially clean, and was not on a journey, and fails to keep the Passover, that person must be cut off from his people. Because he did not bring the Lord’s offering at its appointed time, that man must bear his sin. 14 If a resident foreigner lives among you and wants to keep the Passover to the Lord, he must do so according to the statute of the Passover, and according to its custom. You must have the same statute for the resident foreigner and for the one who was born in the land.’”⁠ 15 On the day that the tabernacle was set up, the cloud covered the tabernacle—the tent of the testimony—and from evening until morning there was a fiery appearance over the tabernacle. 16 This is the way it used to be continually: The cloud would cover it by day, and there was a fiery appearance by night. 17 Whenever the cloud was taken up from the tabernacle, then after that the Israelites would begin their journey; and in whatever place the cloud settled, there the Israelites would make camp. 18 At the commandment of the Lord the Israelites would begin their journey, and at the commandment of the Lord they would make camp; as long as the cloud remained settled over the tabernacle they would camp. 19 When the cloud remained over the tabernacle many days, then the Israelites obeyed the instructions of the Lord and did not journey. 20 When the cloud remained over the tabernacle a number of days, they remained camped according to the Lord’s commandment, and according to the Lord’s commandment they would journey. 21 And when the cloud remained only from evening until morning, when the cloud was taken up the following morning, then they traveled on. Whether by day or by night, when the cloud was taken up they traveled. 22 Whether it was for two days, or a month, or a year that the cloud prolonged its stay over the tabernacle, the Israelites remained camped without traveling; but when it was taken up, they traveled on. 23 At the commandment of the Lord they camped, and at the commandment of the Lord they traveled on; they kept the instructions of the Lord according to the commandment of the Lord, by the authority of Moses.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 12:49 and Numbers 9:14

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Exodus allows resident foreigners to take part in Passover if they are circumcised and follow the same rules as Israelites. Numbers repeats this idea, stressing that outsiders who join the festival must keep the same requirements as the native born.

Passages

Exodus 12:49

Hebrew Bible
47 The whole community of Israel must observe it. 48 “When a resident foreigner lives with you and wants to observe the Passover to the Lord, all his males must be circumcised, and then he may approach and observe it, and he will be like one who is born in the land—but no uncircumcised person may eat of it. 49 The same law will apply to the person who is native-born and to the resident foreigner who lives among you.” 50 So all the Israelites did exactly as the Lord commanded Moses and Aaron. 51 And on this very day the Lord brought the Israelites out of the land of Egypt by their regiments.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Numbers 9:14

Hebrew Bible
12 They must not leave any of it until morning, nor break any of its bones; they must observe it in accordance with every statute of the Passover. 13 “‘But the man who is ceremonially clean, and was not on a journey, and fails to keep the Passover, that person must be cut off from his people. Because he did not bring the Lord’s offering at its appointed time, that man must bear his sin. 14 If a resident foreigner lives among you and wants to keep the Passover to the Lord, he must do so according to the statute of the Passover, and according to its custom. You must have the same statute for the resident foreigner and for the one who was born in the land.’” 15 On the day that the tabernacle was set up, the cloud covered the tabernacle—the tent of the testimony—and from evening until morning there was a fiery appearance over the tabernacle. 16 This is the way it used to be continually: The cloud would cover it by day, and there was a fiery appearance by night.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

References

"... the laws imposed on aliens include not only criminal laws but also a number of religious laws as well, and this would seem to be true across all of the pentateuchal sources as defined by critical scholarship ... Resident aliens were in some instances allowed or even required to participate in and benefit from Israelite religious festivals, including the sabbath rest (Exodus 20:10; 23:12; Deuteronomy 5:14), the Day of Atonement - when native-born and resident alien alike were to fast and refrain from work because “atonement is being made for you, to cleanse you” (Leviticus 16:29-30)—and the Passover (as seen in Exodus 12:48-49, where circumcised aliens could participate in Passover, the same law applying to the native-born and the resident alien, and in Numbers 9:14, where a resident alien could celebrate Passover, but only in accordance with the law, the same laws applying to the alien and native-born). The alien was also explicitly allowed to participate in the harvest feasts of Weeks (Deuteronomy 16:11), Tabernacles (Deuteronomy 16:14) and Firstfruits (Deuteronomy 26:11) ..."
T. Desmond Alexander and David W. Baker, Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2003), 30.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 12:49 and Numbers 9:14

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