Go to Related Reading
About this book

Numbers

About this book
Chapter 25

1 When Israel lived in Shittim, the people began to commit sexual immorality with the daughters of Moab. 2 These women invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods; then the people ate and bowed down to their gods.⁠ 3 When Israel joined themselves to Baal Peor, the anger of the Lord flared up against Israel.⁠ 4 The Lord said to Moses, “Arrest all the leaders of the people, and hang them up before the Lord in broad daylight,⁠ so that the fierce anger of the Lord may be turned away from Israel.” 5 So Moses said to the judges of Israel, “Each of you must execute those of his men who were joined to Baal Peor.” 6 Just then one of the Israelites came and brought to his brothers a Midianite woman in the plain view of Moses and of the whole community of the Israelites, while they were weeping at the entrance of the tent of meeting. 7 When Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he got up from among the assembly, took a javelin in his hand, 8 and went after the Israelite man into the tent and thrust through the Israelite man and into the woman’s abdomen. So the plague was stopped from the Israelites. 9 Those that died in the plague were 24,000.⁠ 10 The Lord spoke to Moses: 11 “Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my anger away from the Israelites,⁠ when he manifested such zeal for my sake among them, so that I did not consume the Israelites in my zeal. 12 Therefore, announce: ‘I am going to give to him my covenant of peace.⁠ 13 So it will be to him and his descendants after him a covenant of a permanent priesthood,⁠ because he has been zealous for his God, and has made atonement for the Israelites.’” 14 Now the name of the Israelite who was stabbed—the one who was stabbed with the Midianite woman—was Zimri son of Salu, a leader of a clan of the Simeonites. 15 The name of the Midianite woman who was killed was Cozbi daughter of Zur. He was a leader over the people of a clan of Midian. 16 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 17 “Bring trouble to the Midianites, and destroy them, 18 because they bring trouble to you by their treachery with which they have deceived you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of a prince of Midian, their sister, who was killed on the day of the plague that happened as a result of Peor.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 25:12 and Malachi 2:4

Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

Numbers says God promised the priesthood forever to Phinehas and his descendants because of his zeal. Malachi speaks of that same promise as given to the whole tribe of Levi, and says the priests have now broken it.

Passages

Numbers 25:12

Hebrew Bible
11 “Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my anger away from the Israelites, when he manifested such zeal for my sake among them, so that I did not consume the Israelites in my zeal. 12 Therefore, announce: ‘I am going to give to him my covenant of peace. 13 So it will be to him and his descendants after him a covenant of a permanent priesthood, because he has been zealous for his God, and has made atonement for the Israelites.’” 14 Now the name of the Israelite who was stabbed—the one who was stabbed with the Midianite woman—was Zimri son of Salu, a leader of a clan of the Simeonites.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Malachi 2:4

Hebrew Bible
3 I am about to discipline your children and will spread offal on your faces, the very offal produced at your festivals, and you will be carried away along with it. 4 Then you will know that I sent this commandment to you so that my covenant may continue to be with Levi,” says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 5 “My covenant with him was designed to bring life and peace. I gave its statutes to him to fill him with awe, and he indeed revered me and stood in awe before me. 6 He taught what was true; sinful words were not found on his lips. He walked with me in peace and integrity, and he turned many people away from sin. 7 For the lips of a priest should preserve knowledge of sacred things, and people should seek instruction from him because he is the messenger of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Malachi

References

... The priestly context is similar, but in Numbers 25 Yhwh establishes an everlasting covenant of priesthood with the line of Phinehas (later known as the Zadokite priests) and not with the wider tribe of Levi. If Malachi intended an allusion to Numbers 25.10-13, then it has the potential to grant privilege inadvertently to the Zadokite priests at the expense of the wider Levitical priesthood. Such a move would appear contrary to Malachi’s egalitarian agenda for priest and Levite. Moreover, the reasons behind the covenant grant appear different in each case. In Numbers 25, Yhwh inaugurates a covenant of peace with Phinehas as a result of his jealous act for God; in Malachi, a covenant of life and peace was made with Levi without prior obedience (2.5). Levi’s fear and respect for Yhwh’s name came in response to the covenant already established (2.6); it was not a priority before the covenant came into existence, which points to another difference. Phinehas’ covenant is purely a covenant of promise; there are no commands attached to it, unlike the covenant with Levi. ...
Jonathan Gibson, Covenant Continuity and Fidelity: A Study of Inner-Biblical Allusion and Exegesis in Malachi, LHBOTS 625 (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2016), 103–104.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Numbers 25:12 and Malachi 2:4

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library