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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 25

1 When Israel lived in Shittim, the people began to commit sexual immorality with the daughters of Moab. 2 These women invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods; then the people ate and bowed down to their gods.⁠ 3 When Israel joined themselves to Baal Peor, the anger of the Lord flared up against Israel.⁠ 4 The Lord said to Moses, “Arrest all the leaders of the people, and hang them up before the Lord in broad daylight,⁠ so that the fierce anger of the Lord may be turned away from Israel.” 5 So Moses said to the judges of Israel, “Each of you must execute those of his men who were joined to Baal Peor.” 6 Just then one of the Israelites came and brought to his brothers a Midianite woman in the plain view of Moses and of the whole community of the Israelites, while they were weeping at the entrance of the tent of meeting. 7 When Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he got up from among the assembly, took a javelin in his hand, 8 and went after the Israelite man into the tent and thrust through the Israelite man and into the woman’s abdomen. So the plague was stopped from the Israelites. 9 Those that died in the plague were 24,000.⁠ 10 The Lord spoke to Moses: 11 “Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my anger away from the Israelites,⁠ when he manifested such zeal for my sake among them, so that I did not consume the Israelites in my zeal. 12 Therefore, announce: ‘I am going to give to him my covenant of peace.⁠ 13 So it will be to him and his descendants after him a covenant of a permanent priesthood,⁠ because he has been zealous for his God, and has made atonement for the Israelites.’” 14 Now the name of the Israelite who was stabbed—the one who was stabbed with the Midianite woman—was Zimri son of Salu, a leader of a clan of the Simeonites. 15 The name of the Midianite woman who was killed was Cozbi daughter of Zur. He was a leader over the people of a clan of Midian. 16 Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 17 “Bring trouble to the Midianites, and destroy them, 18 because they bring trouble to you by their treachery with which they have deceived you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of a prince of Midian, their sister, who was killed on the day of the plague that happened as a result of Peor.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 25:10 and 1 Maccabees 3:8

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

In 1 Maccabees, Judas Maccabeus is praised for turning away wrath from Israel, using language that echoes the story of Phinehas in Numbers 25, whose violent act ended a plague and earned him a covenant of peace.

Passages

Numbers 25:10

Hebrew Bible
7 When Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he got up from among the assembly, took a javelin in his hand, 8 and went after the Israelite man into the tent and thrust through the Israelite man and into the woman’s abdomen. So the plague was stopped from the Israelites. 9 Those that died in the plague were 24,000. 10 The Lord spoke to Moses: 11 “Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my anger away from the Israelites, when he manifested such zeal for my sake among them, so that I did not consume the Israelites in my zeal. 12 Therefore, announce: ‘I am going to give to him my covenant of peace.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

1 Maccabees 3:8

Deuterocanon
5 He hunted and pursued the lawless, and he burned up those who troubled his people. 6 The lawless shrunk back for fear of him, and all the workers of lawlessness were very troubled, and deliverance prospered in his hand. 7 He angered many kings and made Jacob glad with his acts. His memory is blessed forever. 8 He went through the cities of Judah, destroyed the ungodly out of the land, and turned away wrath from Israel. 9 He was renowned to the utmost part of the earth. He gathered together those who were ready to perish.
134–63 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Maccabees

References

"... Books like 1 Maccabees were written to celebrate the sons of Mattathias as “the family of those people through whom deliverance was given to Israel” (1 Maccabees 5:62), God’s chosen agents who rescued Israel from the ills that beset it. Two poetic passages are particularly important for the author’s interpretation of the role of this family in the plan of God, namely, the poem in praise of Judas in 1 Maccabees 3:3–9 and the encomium on Simon in 1 Maccabees 14:4–15. The author lauds Judas as “a lion in his deeds, a lion’s cub roaring for prey” (1 Maccabees 3:4), recalling Hosea’s description of God’s agent (Hosea 5:14) as well as Jacob’s description of Judah’s ancient namesake (Genesis 49:9). By cleansing Israel of apostate and lapsed Jews, Judas “turned away wrath from Israel” (1 Maccabees 3:8), words directly reminiscent of the important episode of Phinehas, whose similarly violent response to compromise won him the covenant of an eternal priesthood (Numbers 25:10–13; see also 1 Maccabees 2:23–26, 54). Judas emerges as a hero of biblical proportions striding onto the scene, entrusted with restoring and extending “the glory of his people” ..."
David A. DeSilva, The Jewish Teachers of Jesus, James, and Jude: What Earliest Christianity Learned from the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 143.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 25:10 and 1 Maccabees 3:8

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