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Numbers

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Chapter 24

1 When Balaam saw that it pleased the Lord to bless Israel, he did not go as at the other times to seek for omens,⁠ but he set his face toward the wilderness.⁠ 2 When Balaam lifted up his eyes, he saw Israel camped tribe by tribe; and the Spirit of God came upon him.⁠ 3 Then he uttered this oracle:⁠ “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open, 4 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 5 ‘How beautiful are your tents, O Jacob, and your dwelling places, O Israel! 6 They are like valleys stretched forth, like gardens by the river’s side, like aloes that the Lord has planted, and like cedar trees beside the waters.⁠ 7 He will pour the water out of his buckets, and their descendants will be like abundant water;⁠ their king will be greater than Agag, and their kingdom will be exalted. 8 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a young bull; they will devour hostile people, and will break their bones, and will pierce them through with arrows.⁠ 9 They crouch and lie down like a lion, and as a lioness, who can stir him?⁠ Blessed is the one who blesses you, and cursed is the one who curses you!’”⁠ 10 Then Balak became very angry at Balaam, and he struck his hands together. Balak said to Balaam, “I called you to curse my enemies, and look, you have done nothing but bless them these three times! 11 So now, go back where you came from! I said that I would greatly honor you, but now the Lord has stood in the way of your honor.” 12 Balaam said to Balak, “Did I not also tell your messengers whom you sent to me, 13 ‘If Balak would give me his palace full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the Lord to do either good or evil of my own will, but whatever the Lord tells me I must speak’?⁠ 14 And now, I am about to go back to my own people. Come now, and I will advise you as to what this people will do to your people in future days.” 15 Then he uttered this oracle: “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open,⁠ 16 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, and who knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 17 ‘I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not close at hand. A star will march forth out of Jacob, and a scepter will rise out of Israel.⁠ He will crush the skulls of Moab, and the heads of all the sons of Sheth.⁠ 18 Edom will be a possession, Seir, his enemy, will also be a possession; but Israel will act valiantly.⁠ 19 A ruler will be established from Jacob; he will destroy the remains of the city.’”⁠ 20 Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end will be that he will perish.” 21 Then he looked on the Kenites and uttered this oracle: “Your dwelling place seems strong, and your nest is set on a rocky cliff. 22 Nevertheless the Kenite will be consumed. How long will Asshur take you away captive?” 23 Then he uttered this oracle: “O, who will survive when God does this!⁠ 24 Ships will come from the coast of Kittim, and will afflict Asshur, and will afflict Eber, and he will also perish forever.”⁠ 25 Balaam got up and departed and returned to his home, and Balak also went his way.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 24:2 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.277 and Onkelos Numbers 24:2

Hebrew Bible · Classical · Targum

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Summary

In Numbers 24, Balaam receives the Spirit of God. Philo calls it a prophetic spirit, language not found in the Greek Septuagint translation but found in the Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos, which calls it the spirit of prophecy.

Passages

Numbers 24:2

Hebrew Bible
1 When Balaam saw that it pleased the Lord to bless Israel, he did not go as at the other times to seek for omens, but he set his face toward the wilderness. 2 When Balaam lifted up his eyes, he saw Israel camped tribe by tribe; and the Spirit of God came upon him. 3 Then he uttered this oracle: “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open,
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.277

Classical
277 And when he saw it, he said: "Your Majesty, build here seven altars, and offer upon every one of them a bullock and a ram. And I will turn aside and inquire of God what I am to say." So he went out, and immediately he became inspired, as the prophetic spirit entered into him and drove his whole artful system of divination and cunning out of his soul; for holy inspiration could not live in the same abode as magic. Then, returning to the king and seeing the sacrifices and the altars ablaze, he became like the interpreter of some other being who was prompting his words,

Onkelos Numbers 24:2

Targum
1 And Balaam saw that it was appointed before the Lord to bless Israel; and he did not go to seek omens as he had before, but set his face toward the calf that the sons of Israel had made in the wilderness. 2 And Balaam lifted up his eyes, and saw Israel dwelling by his tribes; and the Spirit of prophecy rested upon him from before the Lord. 3 And he took up his oracle, and said: Balaam, the son of Beor, says, The man who sees clearly says,
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Numbers

References

“... Secondly, Philo and the Rabbis insist that Balaam was a villain. Despite this, Philo contends that his words about Israel were genuinely prophetic. Balaam spoke his first oracle as one possessed by the prophetic spirit (προφητικοῦ πνεύματος ἐπιφοιτήσαντος) which had ridded him of his soothsayer’s craft, since it was not right for magical sophistry to dwell alongside most holy possession (Vit. Mos. I. 277); the second oracle he prophesied in words not his own (Vit. Mos. I. 283, 286); and the third he spoke ἔνθους, inspired by God (Vit. Mos. I. 288). Balaam contributed nothing to the oracles: he spoke as God’s instrument, expounding another’s words, without employing his own reason (Vit. Mos. I. 277, 283). Even as a Gentile soothsayer, Balaam accurately predicted the future (Vit. Mos. I. 264–265). Inspired by God, therefore, his prophecy was to be of exceptional quality. So much is evident when Philo’s words are juxtaposed with LXX’s account of Balaam: never do the latter refer to him as προφήτης or say that he spoke in προφητεία, saying only that the Spirit of God came upon him. Rather, it is the Targums which most closely reflect Philo’s belief that Balaam’s oracles about Israel were those of a remarkable prophet. Where MT records that Balaam ‘took up his parable’, the Targums specify that he ‘took up the parable of his prophecy’ (Num. 23:7; 24:3, 15 in TN, PJ, FTV, FTP; Num. 23:18 TN, PJ). The spirit of God which came upon him (MT of Num. 24:2) was, for TO and PJ, ‘the spirit of prophecy from before the Lord’. ...”
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 36–37.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 24:2 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.277 and Onkelos Numbers 24:2

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