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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 24

1 When Balaam saw that it pleased the Lord to bless Israel, he did not go as at the other times to seek for omens,⁠ but he set his face toward the wilderness.⁠ 2 When Balaam lifted up his eyes, he saw Israel camped tribe by tribe; and the Spirit of God came upon him.⁠ 3 Then he uttered this oracle:⁠ “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open, 4 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 5 ‘How beautiful are your tents, O Jacob, and your dwelling places, O Israel! 6 They are like valleys stretched forth, like gardens by the river’s side, like aloes that the Lord has planted, and like cedar trees beside the waters.⁠ 7 He will pour the water out of his buckets, and their descendants will be like abundant water;⁠ their king will be greater than Agag, and their kingdom will be exalted. 8 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a young bull; they will devour hostile people, and will break their bones, and will pierce them through with arrows.⁠ 9 They crouch and lie down like a lion, and as a lioness, who can stir him?⁠ Blessed is the one who blesses you, and cursed is the one who curses you!’”⁠ 10 Then Balak became very angry at Balaam, and he struck his hands together. Balak said to Balaam, “I called you to curse my enemies, and look, you have done nothing but bless them these three times! 11 So now, go back where you came from! I said that I would greatly honor you, but now the Lord has stood in the way of your honor.” 12 Balaam said to Balak, “Did I not also tell your messengers whom you sent to me, 13 ‘If Balak would give me his palace full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the Lord to do either good or evil of my own will, but whatever the Lord tells me I must speak’?⁠ 14 And now, I am about to go back to my own people. Come now, and I will advise you as to what this people will do to your people in future days.” 15 Then he uttered this oracle: “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open,⁠ 16 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, and who knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 17 ‘I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not close at hand. A star will march forth out of Jacob, and a scepter will rise out of Israel.⁠ He will crush the skulls of Moab, and the heads of all the sons of Sheth.⁠ 18 Edom will be a possession, Seir, his enemy, will also be a possession; but Israel will act valiantly.⁠ 19 A ruler will be established from Jacob; he will destroy the remains of the city.’”⁠ 20 Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end will be that he will perish.” 21 Then he looked on the Kenites and uttered this oracle: “Your dwelling place seems strong, and your nest is set on a rocky cliff. 22 Nevertheless the Kenite will be consumed. How long will Asshur take you away captive?” 23 Then he uttered this oracle: “O, who will survive when God does this!⁠ 24 Ships will come from the coast of Kittim, and will afflict Asshur, and will afflict Eber, and he will also perish forever.”⁠ 25 Balaam got up and departed and returned to his home, and Balak also went his way.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 24:17 and Protoevangelium of James 21

Hebrew Bible · Early Christian

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Summary

In Numbers, Balaam prophesies that a star will rise out of Jacob and a scepter from Israel. The Protoevangelium of James draws on this messianic tradition by giving the Magi an unusually bright star that dims all the others.

Passages

Numbers 24:17

Hebrew Bible
16 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, and who knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 17 ‘I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not close at hand. A star will march forth out of Jacob, and a scepter will rise out of Israel. He will crush the skulls of Moab, and the heads of all the sons of Sheth. 18 Edom will be a possession, Seir, his enemy, will also be a possession; but Israel will act valiantly.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Protoevangelium of James 21

Early Christian · Gospel of James
21 Joseph was preparing to travel to Judea, but there was a great commotion in Bethlehem because some wise men (Magi) had arrived, asking, “Where is the one born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him.” When King Herod heard this, he was deeply disturbed and sent officers to speak with the Magi. He also summoned the priests and questioned them, asking, “What does the scripture say about the Christ? Where is He to be born?” They replied, “In Bethlehem of Judea, as it is written.” After sending the priests away, Herod questioned the Magi further, asking, “What sign did you see concerning this newborn king?” The Magi answered, “We saw a large star shining so brightly among the others that it obscured their light, and we knew from this that a king had been born to Israel. That’s why we came to worship him.” Herod said, “Go and search for him, and if you find him, let me know so that I can go and worship him too.” The Magi then left. The star they had seen in the east reappeared and guided them until it stopped over the cave. When they entered, they found the child with His mother Mary. They opened their bags and presented Him with gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Afterward, having been warned by an angel not to go into Judea, they went back to their country by a different road.
150–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Protoevangelium of James

References

... Balaam’s prophecy of the star arising from Jacob (Numbers 24:17) was an important messianic text (e.g. 4Q175; CD 7:19–20; compare Targum Onkelos on Numbers 24:17; Revelation 22:16). Although Matthew does not quote it explicitly, several interpreters make that connection (e.g. Justin, Trypho 106.4; Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses 3.9.2), even to the extent of presenting the Magi as spiritual heirs to Balaam who had personally discovered his oracle (e.g. Eusebius, Demonstratio Evangelica 9.1; Origen, Contra Celsum 1.60; Theophylact; Romanos the Melodist, Kontakion on the Nativity of Christ 5; Nicholas of Lyra; Erasmus; Lancelot Andrewes, 1622 Nativity Sermon). ... Christian commentators note the unusual, supernatural character of the star of Bethlehem, “specially created for the service of Christ” (Aquinas 2013a: 55). In the Protevangelium of James, the Magi themselves comment on its unprecedented size: “We saw how an indescribably greater star shone among these stars and dimmed them, so that the stars no longer shone; and so we knew that a king was born for Israel” (Protevangelium of James 21:2). ...
Ian Boxall, Matthew Through the Centuries (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2019), 58.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 24:17 and Protoevangelium of James 21

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