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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 24

1 When Balaam saw that it pleased the Lord to bless Israel, he did not go as at the other times to seek for omens,⁠ but he set his face toward the wilderness.⁠ 2 When Balaam lifted up his eyes, he saw Israel camped tribe by tribe; and the Spirit of God came upon him.⁠ 3 Then he uttered this oracle:⁠ “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open, 4 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 5 ‘How beautiful are your tents, O Jacob, and your dwelling places, O Israel! 6 They are like valleys stretched forth, like gardens by the river’s side, like aloes that the Lord has planted, and like cedar trees beside the waters.⁠ 7 He will pour the water out of his buckets, and their descendants will be like abundant water;⁠ their king will be greater than Agag, and their kingdom will be exalted. 8 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a young bull; they will devour hostile people, and will break their bones, and will pierce them through with arrows.⁠ 9 They crouch and lie down like a lion, and as a lioness, who can stir him?⁠ Blessed is the one who blesses you, and cursed is the one who curses you!’”⁠ 10 Then Balak became very angry at Balaam, and he struck his hands together. Balak said to Balaam, “I called you to curse my enemies, and look, you have done nothing but bless them these three times! 11 So now, go back where you came from! I said that I would greatly honor you, but now the Lord has stood in the way of your honor.” 12 Balaam said to Balak, “Did I not also tell your messengers whom you sent to me, 13 ‘If Balak would give me his palace full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the Lord to do either good or evil of my own will, but whatever the Lord tells me I must speak’?⁠ 14 And now, I am about to go back to my own people. Come now, and I will advise you as to what this people will do to your people in future days.” 15 Then he uttered this oracle: “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open,⁠ 16 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, and who knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 17 ‘I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not close at hand. A star will march forth out of Jacob, and a scepter will rise out of Israel.⁠ He will crush the skulls of Moab, and the heads of all the sons of Sheth.⁠ 18 Edom will be a possession, Seir, his enemy, will also be a possession; but Israel will act valiantly.⁠ 19 A ruler will be established from Jacob; he will destroy the remains of the city.’”⁠ 20 Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end will be that he will perish.” 21 Then he looked on the Kenites and uttered this oracle: “Your dwelling place seems strong, and your nest is set on a rocky cliff. 22 Nevertheless the Kenite will be consumed. How long will Asshur take you away captive?” 23 Then he uttered this oracle: “O, who will survive when God does this!⁠ 24 Ships will come from the coast of Kittim, and will afflict Asshur, and will afflict Eber, and he will also perish forever.”⁠ 25 Balaam got up and departed and returned to his home, and Balak also went his way.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 24:17 and 4Q175 12

Hebrew Bible · Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation

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Summary

In Numbers, Balaam describes Israel’s coming ruler as a star and a scepter. In 4Q175 from the Dead Sea Scrolls, this prophecy joins promises about a prophet and Levi, suggesting that several leaders are expected.

Passages

Numbers 24:17

Hebrew Bible
15 Then he uttered this oracle: “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open, 16 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, and who knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 17 ‘I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not close at hand. A star will march forth out of Jacob, and a scepter will rise out of Israel. He will crush the skulls of Moab, and the heads of all the sons of Sheth. 18 Edom will be a possession, Seir, his enemy, will also be a possession; but Israel will act valiantly. 19 A ruler will be established from Jacob; he will destroy the remains of the city.’”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

4Q175 12

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Interpretation · Testimonia
5 I will raise up for them a prophet like you from among their brothers, and I will put my words 6 in his mouth, and he will speak to them all that I command him. And the man 7 who does not listen to my words, which the prophet speaks in my name, I myself 8 will call him to account.” 9 And he took up his oracle and said, “The utterance of Balaam son of Beor, the utterance of the man 10 whose eye is perfect, the utterance of one who hears the words of God and knows the knowledge of the Most High, who 11 sees the vision of the Almighty, fallen down with eyes uncovered. I see him, but not now; 12 I behold him, but not near. A star shall march out of Jacob, and a scepter shall rise out of Israel, and it shall crush 13 the temples of Moab and tear down all the sons of Seth.” 14 And of Levi he said, “Give to Levi your Thummim, and your Urim to your faithful one, whom 15 you tested at Massah and with whom you contended at the waters of Meribah, who said of his father, ‘I have not 16 … him,’ and to his mother, ‘I do not know you.’ His brothers he did not acknowledge, and his son he did not 17 know. For he kept your word and guarded your covenant. They shall make your judgments shine for Jacob, 18 your Torah for Israel. They shall set incense before you and a whole offering on your altar. 19 Bless, O LORD, his strength, and accept the work of his hands. Crush the loins of his adversaries, and those who hate him, 20 so that they do not rise.”
160–60 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q175

References

“... The best known of these excerpted texts at Qumran being 4Q175, variously described as ‘4QTestimonia’ or ‘Messianic Anthology’. 4Q175 was copied by a scribe in the first century BCE on a single sheet. There are four paragraphs with quotations from 1) Deut 5:28-29 and 18:18-19:2) Num 24:15-17; 3) Deut 33:8-11; and 4) Apocryphon of Joshua (= 4QPsJosh [4Q379, fr. 22, col. 2], an interpretation of LXX Josh 6:26). There are short sentences introducing all four paragraphs, but interpretative comment accompanying only the final citation of Joshua 6:26. The verbatim citation of Deuteronomy 33:8-11 is based on a text that is close to 4QDeuth and the final paragraph is in fact a quotation from the Apocryphon of Joshua. Presuming that this latter text is sectarian, the Qumran community would appear to have considered the Apocryphon of Joshua as an authoritative text alongside other books that were eventually included in the canon. Textually, the biblical quotations vary from passage to passage: the combination of Deuteronomy 5:28-29 and 18:18-19:2 is found in the Samaritan Pentateuch at Exodus 20:21b; Joshua 6:26 follows the presumed Vorlage of the Septuagint; and the others the MT. In my view, 4Q175 attests to the phenomenon among Jews and subsequently Christians in late Second Temple period of excerpting texts for various purposes, whether for study, liturgical practice or controversy. Ostensibly, the first three passages selected by the compiler of 4Q175 have a messianic theme. The passages point to the expectation of different messianic figures: a prophetic one like Moses; a royal one according to Balaam’s prophecy; and a levitical or priestly messiah. The fourth passage sits awkwardly with the first three in that it is an interpretation of the curse, found in Joshua, on anyone who rebuilds the city of Jericho. The man is accursed, a man of Belial, who rebuilds the city to fortify it as a ‘stronghold of ungodliness in Israel’. He may have had either two sons or a brother as accomplice, depending upon how one reads the pesheresque exegesis. In the past, this accursed man has been identified with Simon Maccabee and more recently with John Hyrcanus. In any case, 4Q175 illustrates well the nature of excerpts: they were compiled by someone, but without interpretative comment the original intention or raison d’être is lost. ‘Testimony’ or ‘messianic anthology’ is a partial description of only the first three paragraphs of 4Q175. ...”
Timothy H. Lim, “Deuteronomy in the Judaism of the Second Temple Period,” in Deuteronomy in the New Testament, ed. Maarten J. J. Menken and Steve Moyise (London: T&T Clark International, 2007), MS 11–12.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 24:17 and 4Q175 12

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