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Numbers

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Chapter 24

1 When Balaam saw that it pleased the Lord to bless Israel, he did not go as at the other times to seek for omens,⁠ but he set his face toward the wilderness.⁠ 2 When Balaam lifted up his eyes, he saw Israel camped tribe by tribe; and the Spirit of God came upon him.⁠ 3 Then he uttered this oracle:⁠ “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open, 4 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 5 ‘How beautiful are your tents, O Jacob, and your dwelling places, O Israel! 6 They are like valleys stretched forth, like gardens by the river’s side, like aloes that the Lord has planted, and like cedar trees beside the waters.⁠ 7 He will pour the water out of his buckets, and their descendants will be like abundant water;⁠ their king will be greater than Agag, and their kingdom will be exalted. 8 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a young bull; they will devour hostile people, and will break their bones, and will pierce them through with arrows.⁠ 9 They crouch and lie down like a lion, and as a lioness, who can stir him?⁠ Blessed is the one who blesses you, and cursed is the one who curses you!’”⁠ 10 Then Balak became very angry at Balaam, and he struck his hands together. Balak said to Balaam, “I called you to curse my enemies, and look, you have done nothing but bless them these three times! 11 So now, go back where you came from! I said that I would greatly honor you, but now the Lord has stood in the way of your honor.” 12 Balaam said to Balak, “Did I not also tell your messengers whom you sent to me, 13 ‘If Balak would give me his palace full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the Lord to do either good or evil of my own will, but whatever the Lord tells me I must speak’?⁠ 14 And now, I am about to go back to my own people. Come now, and I will advise you as to what this people will do to your people in future days.” 15 Then he uttered this oracle: “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open,⁠ 16 the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, and who knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open: 17 ‘I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not close at hand. A star will march forth out of Jacob, and a scepter will rise out of Israel.⁠ He will crush the skulls of Moab, and the heads of all the sons of Sheth.⁠ 18 Edom will be a possession, Seir, his enemy, will also be a possession; but Israel will act valiantly.⁠ 19 A ruler will be established from Jacob; he will destroy the remains of the city.’”⁠ 20 Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end will be that he will perish.” 21 Then he looked on the Kenites and uttered this oracle: “Your dwelling place seems strong, and your nest is set on a rocky cliff. 22 Nevertheless the Kenite will be consumed. How long will Asshur take you away captive?” 23 Then he uttered this oracle: “O, who will survive when God does this!⁠ 24 Ships will come from the coast of Kittim, and will afflict Asshur, and will afflict Eber, and he will also perish forever.”⁠ 25 Balaam got up and departed and returned to his home, and Balak also went his way.

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Compare Numbers 24:1 and Onkelos Numbers 24:1

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Numbers, Balaam gives up on omens and heads toward the wilderness. Some manuscripts of the Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos instead have him face the calf the Israelites made in the wilderness, so that he is looking straight at their idolatry.

Passages

Numbers 24:1

Hebrew Bible
1 When Balaam saw that it pleased the Lord to bless Israel, he did not go as at the other times to seek for omens, but he set his face toward the wilderness. 2 When Balaam lifted up his eyes, he saw Israel camped tribe by tribe; and the Spirit of God came upon him. 3 Then he uttered this oracle: “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open,
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Onkelos Numbers 24:1

Targum
1 And Balaam saw that it was appointed before the Lord to bless Israel; and he did not go to seek omens as he had before, but set his face toward the calf that the sons of Israel had made in the wilderness. 2 And Balaam lifted up his eyes, and saw Israel dwelling by his tribes; and the Spirit of prophecy rested upon him from before the Lord. 3 And he took up his oracle, and said: Balaam, the son of Beor, says, The man who sees clearly says,
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Numbers

References

“... BUT ONLY. Only our targumist inserts “but only,” implying thereby that Balaam ceased his former ruses and was not attempting to destroy the Israelites only through enchantments. His interpretation of this verse is contrary to many commentaries: Numbers Rabbah, Lekach Tov, Rashi, Rashbam, ibn Ezra, Sforno, Chazkunee, Nachmanides, and others. They maintain that Balaam abandoned all of his past attempts to harm Israel through enchantments. [...] TOWARD THE DESERT. Rashi mentions an Onkelos version that reads, “He [Balaam] turned his face toward the calf that the Israelites made in the wilderness.” This reading, stating that Balaam began to think of the Israelite past misdeed, is in Neophyti, Pseudo-Jonathan, and some presently existing Onkelos versions, as well as the Zohar, which quotes our Targum. This version shows that Balaam did not abandon his intention to harm the Israelites. Nachmanides and Luzzato (Ohev Ger) discuss this variant reading and dismiss it as spurious. ...”
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Numbers: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2009), 225.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 24:1 and Onkelos Numbers 24:1

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