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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 23

1 Balaam said to Balak, “Build me seven altars here, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.” 2 So Balak did just as Balaam had said. Balak and Balaam then offered on each altar a bull and a ram. 3 Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself by your burnt offering, and I will go off; perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he reveals to me I will tell you.” Then he went to a deserted height.⁠ 4 Then God met Balaam, who said to him, “I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.” 5 Then the Lord put a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.” 6 So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab. 7 Then Balaam uttered his oracle, saying, “Balak, the king of Moab, brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, ‘Come, pronounce a curse on Jacob for me; come, denounce Israel.’ 8 How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced? 9 For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations.⁠ 10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel?⁠ Let me die the death of the upright,⁠ and let the end of my life be like theirs.” 11 Then Balak said to Balaam, “What have you done to me? I brought you to curse my enemies, but on the contrary you have only blessed them!” 12 Balaam replied, “Must I not be careful to speak what the Lord has put in my mouth?” 13 Balak said to him, “Please come with me to another place from which you can observe them. You will see only a part of them, but you will not see all of them. Curse them for me from there.” 14 So Balak brought Balaam to the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, where he built seven altars and offered a bull and a ram on each altar. 15 And Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself here by your burnt offering, while I meet the Lord there.” 16 Then the Lord met Balaam and put a message in his mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.” 17 When Balaam came to him, he was still standing by his burnt offering, along with the princes of Moab. And Balak said to him, “What has the Lord spoken?” 18 Balaam uttered his oracle, and said, “Rise up, Balak, and hear; Listen to me, son of Zippor: 19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a human being, that he should change his mind.⁠ Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it happen? 20 Indeed, I have received a command to bless; he has blessed, and I cannot reverse it. 21 He has not looked on iniquity in Jacob, nor has he seen trouble in Israel.⁠ The Lord their God is with them; his acclamation as king is among them. 22 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a wild bull.⁠ 23 For there is no spell against Jacob, nor is there any divination against Israel. At this time it must be said of Jacob and of Israel, ‘Look at what God has done!’ 24 Indeed, the people will rise up like a lioness, and like a lion raises himself up; they will not lie down until they eat their prey, and drink the blood of the slain.”⁠ 25 Balak said to Balaam, “Neither curse them at all nor bless them at all!” 26 But Balaam replied to Balak, “Did I not tell you, ‘All that the Lord speaks, I must do’?” 27 Balak said to Balaam, “Come, please; I will take you to another place. Perhaps it will please God to let you curse them for me from there.” 28 So Balak took Balaam to the top of Peor, that looks toward the wastelands. 29 Then Balaam said to Balak, “Build seven altars here for me, and prepare seven bulls and seven rams.” 30 So Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bull and a ram on each altar.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 23:21 and Onkelos Numbers 23:21

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Numbers, Balaam says that God has not seen sin or trouble in Israel. The Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos changes this to say Balaam is the one who has not seen these things, and what he fails to find is idol worship and the telling of lies.

Passages

Numbers 23:21

Hebrew Bible
19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a human being, that he should change his mind. Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it happen? 20 Indeed, I have received a command to bless; he has blessed, and I cannot reverse it. 21 He has not looked on iniquity in Jacob, nor has he seen trouble in Israel. The Lord their God is with them; his acclamation as king is among them. 22 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a wild bull.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Onkelos Numbers 23:21

Targum
19 The word of Eloha is not as the words of men; The sons of men speak, but lie; Nor is it as the deeds of mortal beings, Who resolve to act but reconsider and change their plans. What He has said He will perform, And His every word is reliable. 20 Look, I have received blessings to bless Israel, And I may not turn my blessing from him. 21 I have seen no idol worshipers in the house of Jacob, Nor those who practice falsehood in Israel. The Memra of the Lord their God is their helper, And the Shekinah of their King is among them. 22 God, who brought them out from Egypt, Becomes his strength and exaltation.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Numbers

References

“... 21. I LOOKED...AMONG THEM. Verse 21 has four concise statements: “No one has beheld evil in Jacob; neither has one seen perverseness in Israel; the Lord his God is with him; and the shouting for the King [God] is among them” (see page 407). Our targumist explains the four statements by reordering the words, adding deeds to the first two, and separating the deity and humans in the final pair. Specifically, (1) he paraphrases the first negative statement in an affirmative manner. He explains “evil” as the supreme evil, “idol worshipping,” and clarifies that the figure of speech (synecdoche) “in Jacob” denotes the entire nation, “the house of Jacob.” He ignores the interpretation in Rashi and Rashbam that God did not see any Israelite misdeeds, since Israel clearly acted improperly repeatedly. Instead, it is Balaam who looked; or, more precisely istakalit, which literally means, “examined the matter closely.” (2) He inserts into the second phrase “and there are also,” as in 20:5 and 23:19, 23; deletes “He sees,” which is now unnecessary because the introductory “looked” applies to the entire verse and because he does not attribute the seeing to God; and explains amal, “mischief” or “trouble,” as those who utter weak lies. [...] (3) He does not paraphrase “the Lord his God is with him” by inserting Shekhinah (the human feeling of the divine presence), as would be expected, since he placed Shekhinah in the next phrase, and prefers to avoid repetitions. Instead, he substitutes the frequently used phrase “the memra [word or wisdom] of the Lord their God helps them.” ...”
Israel Drazin and Stanley M. Wagner, Onkelos on the Torah, Numbers: Understanding the Bible Text (Jerusalem: Gefen, 2009), 221.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 23:21 and Onkelos Numbers 23:21

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