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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 23

1 Balaam said to Balak, “Build me seven altars here, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.” 2 So Balak did just as Balaam had said. Balak and Balaam then offered on each altar a bull and a ram. 3 Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself by your burnt offering, and I will go off; perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he reveals to me I will tell you.” Then he went to a deserted height.⁠ 4 Then God met Balaam, who said to him, “I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.” 5 Then the Lord put a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.” 6 So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab. 7 Then Balaam uttered his oracle, saying, “Balak, the king of Moab, brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, ‘Come, pronounce a curse on Jacob for me; come, denounce Israel.’ 8 How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced? 9 For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations.⁠ 10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel?⁠ Let me die the death of the upright,⁠ and let the end of my life be like theirs.” 11 Then Balak said to Balaam, “What have you done to me? I brought you to curse my enemies, but on the contrary you have only blessed them!” 12 Balaam replied, “Must I not be careful to speak what the Lord has put in my mouth?” 13 Balak said to him, “Please come with me to another place from which you can observe them. You will see only a part of them, but you will not see all of them. Curse them for me from there.” 14 So Balak brought Balaam to the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, where he built seven altars and offered a bull and a ram on each altar. 15 And Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself here by your burnt offering, while I meet the Lord there.” 16 Then the Lord met Balaam and put a message in his mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.” 17 When Balaam came to him, he was still standing by his burnt offering, along with the princes of Moab. And Balak said to him, “What has the Lord spoken?” 18 Balaam uttered his oracle, and said, “Rise up, Balak, and hear; Listen to me, son of Zippor: 19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a human being, that he should change his mind.⁠ Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it happen? 20 Indeed, I have received a command to bless; he has blessed, and I cannot reverse it. 21 He has not looked on iniquity in Jacob, nor has he seen trouble in Israel.⁠ The Lord their God is with them; his acclamation as king is among them. 22 God brought them out of Egypt. They have, as it were, the strength of a wild bull.⁠ 23 For there is no spell against Jacob, nor is there any divination against Israel. At this time it must be said of Jacob and of Israel, ‘Look at what God has done!’ 24 Indeed, the people will rise up like a lioness, and like a lion raises himself up; they will not lie down until they eat their prey, and drink the blood of the slain.”⁠ 25 Balak said to Balaam, “Neither curse them at all nor bless them at all!” 26 But Balaam replied to Balak, “Did I not tell you, ‘All that the Lord speaks, I must do’?” 27 Balak said to Balaam, “Come, please; I will take you to another place. Perhaps it will please God to let you curse them for me from there.” 28 So Balak took Balaam to the top of Peor, that looks toward the wastelands. 29 Then Balaam said to Balak, “Build seven altars here for me, and prepare seven bulls and seven rams.” 30 So Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bull and a ram on each altar.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 23:19 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.283 and Onkelos Numbers 23:19

Hebrew Bible · Classical · Targum

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Summary

In Numbers 23, Balaam says God is not a man who lies or changes his mind. Philo follows the Hebrew here rather than the Greek Septuagint translation, similar to the Aramaic translation in Targum Onkelos, which says God does what he says.

Passages

Numbers 23:19

Hebrew Bible
18 Balaam uttered his oracle, and said, “Rise up, Balak, and hear; Listen to me, son of Zippor: 19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a human being, that he should change his mind. Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not make it happen? 20 Indeed, I have received a command to bless; he has blessed, and I cannot reverse it.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.283

Classical
283 And as soon as he was alone, he was again suddenly filled with divine inspiration, and, without understanding at all the words he uttered, spoke everything that was put into his mouth, prophesying as follows:--"Rise up and listen, Your Majesty! prick up your ears and hear. God is not able to speak falsely as if he were a man, nor does he change his purpose like the son of man. Once he has spoken, does he not keep his word? For he will say nothing at all that will not be completely fulfilled, since his word is also his deed. Indeed, I have been brought here to bless this nation, not to curse it.

Onkelos Numbers 23:19

Targum
18 And he took up his oracle, and said: Rise, Balak, and listen, Listen to my words, Son of Zippor: 19 The word of Eloha is not as the words of men; The sons of men speak, but lie; Nor is it as the deeds of mortal beings, Who resolve to act but reconsider and change their plans. What He has said He will perform, And His every word is reliable. 20 Look, I have received blessings to bless Israel, And I may not turn my blessing from him.
50–500 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Onkelos Numbers

References

“... Philo’s second Balaam oracle paraphrases Num. 23:19, the Hebrew of which may be rendered as God is not man, that he should lie, nor a son of man, that he should repent. Has he said, and shall he not perform it? Or has he spoken, and shall he not establish it? LXX altered Balaam’s opening words, saying that God is not like man to waver, nor like a son of man to be threatened; but retained the following questions of the original. Philo (Vit. Mos. I. 283), however, follows the opening Hebrew of the verse, before continuing with an expanded interpretation: He will utter absolutely nothing at all which shall not be steadfastly completed, since his word is his deed. TN, FTP, FTV and TO eliminate the questions of the second half of the verse, turning them into statements. TO of Num. 23:19 recalls Philo’s paraphrase: The word of God is not like the words of the sons of man. Sons of man say, and tell lies. Also it is not like the deeds of the sons of flesh, who decree that action be taken, but repent of it. He says and performs, and all his word he establishes. ...”
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 42–43.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 23:19 and Philo, On the Life of Moses 1.283 and Onkelos Numbers 23:19

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