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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 17

1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 2 “Speak to the Israelites, and receive from them a staff from each tribe, one from every tribal leader, twelve staffs; you must write each man’s name on his staff. 3 You must write Aaron’s name on the staff of Levi; for one staff is for the head of every tribe. 4 You must place them in the tent of meeting before the ark of the covenant where I meet with you. 5 And the staff of the man whom I choose will blossom;⁠ so I will rid myself of the complaints of the Israelites, which they murmur against you.” 6 So Moses spoke to the Israelites, and each of their leaders gave him a staff, one for each leader, according to their tribes—twelve staffs; the staff of Aaron was among their staffs. 7 Then Moses placed the staffs before the Lord in the tent of the testimony. 8 On the next day Moses went into the tent of the testimony—and the staff of Aaron for the house of Levi had sprouted, and brought forth buds, and produced blossoms, and yielded almonds!⁠ 9 So Moses brought out all the staffs from before the Lord to all the Israelites. They looked at them, and each man took his staff. 10 The Lord said to Moses, “Bring Aaron’s staff back before the testimony to be preserved for a sign to the rebels, so that you may bring their murmurings to an end before me, that they will not die.” 11 So Moses did as the Lord commanded him—this is what he did. 12 The Israelites said to Moses, “We are bound to die! We perish, we all perish! 13 (17:28) Anyone who even comes close to the tabernacle of the Lord will die! Are we all to die?”

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 17:8 and Protoevangelium of James 9

Hebrew Bible · Early Christian

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Summary

In Numbers, Aaron’s staff sprouts buds and almonds as a sign confirming the priesthood. The Protoevangelium of James echoes this scene with Joseph, whose staff produces a dove that perches on his head, marking him as Mary’s chosen guardian.

Passages

Numbers 17:8

Hebrew Bible
7 Then Moses placed the staffs before the Lord in the tent of the testimony. 8 On the next day Moses went into the tent of the testimony—and the staff of Aaron for the house of Levi had sprouted, and brought forth buds, and produced blossoms, and yielded almonds! 9 So Moses brought out all the staffs from before the Lord to all the Israelites. They looked at them, and each man took his staff.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Protoevangelium of James 9

Early Christian · Gospel of James
9 And Joseph, throwing down his axe, went out to meet them; and when they had gathered, they went to the high priest, each bringing their rods. The high priest, taking all their rods, went into the temple to pray; and after he finished, he took the rods and returned them to the men, but no sign appeared in any of them. Joseph took his rod last, and suddenly a dove emerged from it and flew onto Joseph’s head. The priest said to Joseph, “You have been chosen by lot to take into your care the virgin of the Lord.” But Joseph protested, saying, “I have children, and I am an old man, while she is a young girl. I’m afraid I’ll become a laughingstock among the sons of Israel.” The priest replied, “Fear the Lord your God, and remember what the Lord did to Dathan, Abiram, and Korah, when the earth opened and swallowed them because of their rebellion. Now, Joseph, be afraid that the same thing could happen in your house.” Joseph, fearful, accepted her into his care. He said to Mary, “Look, I have received you from the temple of the Lord; now I leave you in my home while I go to build my buildings, and I will return to you. The Lord will protect you.”
150–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Protoevangelium of James

References

... An important detail in the description of the messenger’s instructions for finding an appropriate husband for Mary is the image of the staff (ῥάβδος). This detail evokes Numbers 17, whereby a staff (ῥάβδος) is also used to determine the priestly line worthy to serve and be responsible for the Temple (Numbers 17:1-5). In other words, the selection of Mary’s husband is described in a manner that recalls the selection of Aaron’s line as the caretakers and servants of the Temple ... The selection of Mary’s husband unfolds in this sequence: heralds are sent forth to all widowers of the people living in the surrounding countryside of Judea; instructions are sent to have all widowers assemble before the high priest; each man is told to bring a staff; after collecting the rods, the high priest enters the temple again and prays; after returning the rods to their proper owners, a dove appears from Joseph’s rod and perches upon his head (Protevangelium of James 8:9-9:6). ... Not surprisingly, then, just as Aaron’s staff buds in Numbers 17:8, so Joseph’s staff too receives a sign–in this case, in the form of a dove (περιστερά). ...
Lily Vuong, Accessing the Virgin: Gender and Purity in the Protoevangelium of James (McMaster University, 2010), 170–171.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 17:8 and Protoevangelium of James 9

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