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Numbers

About this book
Chapter 13

1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 2 “Send out men to investigate the land of Canaan, which I am giving to the Israelites. You are to send one man from each ancestral tribe, each one a leader among them.” 3 So Moses sent them from the wilderness of Paran at the command of the Lord. All of them were leaders of the Israelites. 4 Now these were their names: from the tribe of Reuben, Shammua son of Zaccur; 5 from the tribe of Simeon, Shaphat son of Hori; 6 from the tribe of Judah, Caleb son of Jephunneh; 7 from the tribe of Issachar, Igal son of Joseph; 8 from the tribe of Ephraim, Hoshea son of Nun; 9 from the tribe of Benjamin, Palti son of Raphu; 10 from the tribe of Zebulun, Gaddiel son of Sodi; 11 from the tribe of Joseph, namely, the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi son of Susi; 12 from the tribe of Dan, Ammiel son of Gemalli; 13 from the tribe of Asher, Sethur son of Michael; 14 from the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi son of Vopshi; 15 from the tribe of Gad, Geuel son of Maki. 16 These are the names of the men whom Moses sent to investigate the land. And Moses gave Hoshea son of Nun the name Joshua.⁠ 17 When Moses sent them to investigate the land of Canaan, he told them, “Go up through the Negev, and then go up into the hill country 18 and see what the land is like, and whether the people who live in it are strong or weak, few or many, 19 and whether the land they live in is good or bad, and whether the cities they inhabit are like camps or fortified cities, 20 and whether the land is rich or poor, and whether or not there are forests in it. And be brave, and bring back some of the fruit of the land.” Now it was the time of year for the first ripe grapes. 21 So they went up and investigated the land from the wilderness of Zin to Rehob, at Lebo Hamath. 22 When they went up through the Negev, they came to Hebron where Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, descendants of Anak, were living. (Now Hebron had been built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) 23 When they came to the valley of Eshcol, they cut down from there a branch with one cluster of grapes, and they carried it on a staff between two men, as well as some of the pomegranates and the figs. 24 That place was called the Eshcol Valley, because of the cluster of grapes that the Israelites cut from there. 25 They returned from investigating the land after 40 days.⁠ 26 They came back to Moses and Aaron and to the whole community of the Israelites in the wilderness of Paran at Kadesh. They reported to the whole community and showed the fruit of the land. 27 They told Moses, “We went to the land where you sent us. It is indeed flowing with milk and honey, and this is its fruit. 28 But the inhabitants are strong, and the cities are fortified and very large. Moreover we saw the descendants of Anak there.⁠ 29 The Amalekites live in the land of the Negev; the Hittites, Jebusites, and Amorites live in the hill country; and the Canaanites live by the sea and along the banks of the Jordan.” 30 Then Caleb silenced the people before Moses, saying, “Let us go up and occupy it, for we are well able to conquer it.”⁠ 31 But the men who had gone up with him said, “We are not able to go up against these people, because they are stronger than we are!” 32 Then they presented the Israelites with a discouraging report of the land they had investigated, saying, “The land that we passed through to investigate is a land that devours its inhabitants.⁠ All the people we saw there are of great stature. 33 We even saw the Nephilim there (the descendants of Anak came from the Nephilim),⁠ and we seemed like grasshoppers both to ourselves and to them.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 32:28 and Numbers 13:16 and Mark 3:16–17 and Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 106.3

Hebrew Bible · New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In Mark, Jesus gives new names to Simon and the sons of Zebedee. In his Dialogue with Trypho, Justin connects this naming tradition with Jacob and Joshua, arguing that Jesus also gave them their names.

Passages

Genesis 32:28

Hebrew Bible
24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man wrestled with him until daybreak. 25 When the man saw that he could not defeat Jacob, he struck the socket of his hip so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him. 26 Then the man said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, “unless you bless me.” 27 The man asked him, “What is your name?” He answered, “Jacob.” 28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, “but Israel, because you have fought with God and with men and have prevailed.” 29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” “Why do you ask my name?” the man replied. Then he blessed Jacob there. 30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, explaining, “Certainly I have seen God face to face and have survived.” 31 The sun rose over him as he crossed over Penuel, but he was limping because of his hip. 32 That is why to this day the Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip, because he struck the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Numbers 13:16

Hebrew Bible
14 from the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi son of Vopshi; 15 from the tribe of Gad, Geuel son of Maki. 16 These are the names of the men whom Moses sent to investigate the land. And Moses gave Hoshea son of Nun the name Joshua. 17 When Moses sent them to investigate the land of Canaan, he told them, “Go up through the Negev, and then go up into the hill country 18 and see what the land is like, and whether the people who live in it are strong or weak, few or many, 19 and whether the land they live in is good or bad, and whether the cities they inhabit are like camps or fortified cities, 20 and whether the land is rich or poor, and whether or not there are forests in it. And be brave, and bring back some of the fruit of the land.” Now it was the time of year for the first ripe grapes.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Mark 3:16–17

New Testament
13 Now Jesus went up the mountain and called for those he wanted, and they came to him. 14 He appointed 12 so that they would be with him and he could send them to preach 15 and to have authority to cast out demons. 16 To Simon he gave the name Peter; 17 to James and his brother John, the sons of Zebedee, he gave the name Boanerges (that is, “sons of thunder”); 18 and Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot, 19 and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.
60–75 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Mark

Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 106.3

Early Christian
3 And the statement that He renamed one of the apostles Peter, which is also written in His memoirs as having happened, along with His giving two other brothers, the sons of Zebedee, the name Boanerges, which means sons of thunder, was a sign that He was the One through whom Jacob was given the name Israel and Oshea was named Jesus (Joshua), the name under which the people who survived of those who came out of Egypt were brought into the land promised to the patriarchs.
155–160 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho

References

“... And . . . it is said that [Jesus] changed the name of one of the apostles to Peter; and . . . it is written in his memoirs that this so happened, as well as that he changed the names of two other brothers, the sons of Zebedee, to Boanerges, which means “the sons of thunder.” . . . (Dial. 106.3) Among our Synoptic Gospels the translation Boanerges appears only in Mark 3:17. This fact, conjoined with the assumption that Justin is alluding to Mark’s composition of “Peter’s reminiscences” (“his memoirs”), suggests to some scholars that Justin knew both Mark’s Gospel and Papias’s references to it. 85 There are, however, other possibilities. In itself the reference to Boanerges tells us nothing of where Justin found that datum, whether from what we know as Mark’s Gospel or (as easily) from another tradition no longer known to us. ...”
C. Clifton Black, Mark: Images of an Apostolic Interpreter (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, 1994), 96.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 32:28 and Numbers 13:16 and Mark 3:16–17 and Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 106.3

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