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Neofiti Genesis

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The Sons of Keturah

Chapter 25

1 And Abraham took a wife again, and her name was Keturah. 2 And she bore him Zimran and Jokshan and Medan and Midian and Ishbak and Shuah. 3 And Jokshan fathered Sheba and Dedan. And the sons of Dedan were traders and merchants and heads of nations. 4 And the sons of Midian were Ephah and Epher and Hanoch and Abida and Eldaah. All these were the sons of Keturah. 5 And Abraham gave all that he had to Isaac. 6 And to the sons of the concubines that Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and he sent them away from Isaac his son while he was still alive, eastward, to the land of the east.

The Death of Abraham

7 And these are the days of the years of the life of Abraham that he lived: a hundred and seventy-five years. 8 And Abraham breathed his last and died at a good old age, old and full of years, and he was gathered to his people. 9 And Isaac and Ishmael his sons buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron son of Zohar the Hittite, which faces Mamre, 10 the field that Abraham bought from the sons of Heth. There Abraham was buried, and Sarah his wife. 11 And after the death of Abraham, the Lord blessed Isaac his son. And Isaac settled by the well over which the One who endures through all ages had been revealed.

The Descendants of Ishmael

12 And these are the generations of Ishmael son of Abraham, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah’s maidservant, bore to Abraham. 13 And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael by their names, according to their generations: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebaioth; and Kedar and Adbeel and Mibsam, 14 and Mishma and Dumah and Massa, 15 Hadad and Tema, Jetur, Naphish and Kedemah. 16 These are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, in their villages and in their encampments: twelve chiefs for their nations. 17 And these are the years of the life of Ishmael: a hundred and thirty-seven years. And he breathed his last and died, and was gathered to his people. 18 And they lived from India as far as Elusa, which faces Egypt as you go toward Assyria. And he settled facing all his brothers.

The Birth of Esau and Jacob

19 And these are the generations of Isaac son of Abraham: Abraham fathered Isaac. 20 And Isaac was forty years old when he took Rebekah as his wife, the daughter of Bethuel the Aramean from Paddan, the sister of Laban the Aramean. 21 And Isaac prayed before the Lord on behalf of Rebekah his wife, because she was barren. And the Lord answered him, and Rebekah his wife conceived. 22 And the children shoved one another in her womb, and she said, “If this is the anguish of having children, why should I have children now?” And she went to the house of study of Shem the Great to seek mercy from before the Lord. 23 And the Lord said to her, “Two nations are in your womb, and two kingdoms will part from your womb; and one kingdom will be stronger than the other kingdom, and the elder will be subject to the younger.”⁠ 24 And the days of her giving birth were completed, and indeed there were twins in her womb. 25 And the first came out ruddy, all of him like a cloak of hair, and they called his name Esau. 26 And after that his brother came out, his hand gripping Esau’s heel, and he called his name Jacob. And Isaac was sixty years old at the time he fathered them. 27 And the boys grew up, and Esau was a man who knew hunting, a man, a master of the fields; and Jacob was a man perfect in good work, who lived in the houses of study. 28 And Isaac loved Esau, because he ate of his game; and Rebekah loved Jacob.

Esau Sells His Birthright

29 And Jacob cooked a dish of lentils, and Esau came in from the open country, and he was exhausted. 30 And Esau said to Jacob, “Let me eat now some of this red dish, because I am exhausted.” That is why they called his name Edom. 31 And Jacob said, “Sell me your birthright now.” 32 And Esau said, “Look, I am going to die. So what use to me is the birthright?” 33 And Jacob said, “Swear to me, as on this day.” And he swore to him, and he sold his birthright to Jacob. 34 And Jacob gave Esau bread and a dish of lentils, and he ate and drank, and got up and went away. And Esau despised his birthright, and the resurrection of the dead, and he denied the life of the world to come.

Texts in conversation

Compare Neofiti Genesis 25:23 and Avodah Zarah 2b

Targum · Rabbinic

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Summary

Genesis 25 refers to two nations from Rebekah’s womb translated as “people.” The Aramaic translation in Targum Neofiti and Rabbinic tradition in tractate Avodah Zarah interpret this as “kingdoms,” emphasizing political rather than ethnic identity.

Passages

Neofiti Genesis 25:23

Targum
22 And the children shoved one another in her womb, and she said, “If this is the anguish of having children, why should I have children now?” And she went to the house of study of Shem the Great to seek mercy from before the Lord. 23 And the Lord said to her, “Two nations are in your womb, and two kingdoms will part from your womb; and one kingdom will be stronger than the other kingdom, and the elder will be subject to the younger.” 24 And the days of her giving birth were completed, and indeed there were twins in her womb.
300–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Neofiti Genesis

Avodah Zarah 2b

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
with their scholars, as it is stated: “And let the peoples [le’umim] be assembled” (Isaiah 43:9); and the term le’om means nothing other than kingdom, as it is stated: “And the one kingdom [ule’om] shall be stronger than the other kingdom [mile’om]” (Genesis 25:23). The Gemara asks: But is it possible for there to be intermingling before the Holy One, Blessed be He, that it should be necessary for each nation to stand and be addressed separately? Rather, the nations are instructed to stand separately so that they will not become intermingled with each other in order that they will each hear what He says to them.
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Avodah Zarah

References

"... The Babylonian Talmud at Avodah Zarah 2b has a discussion about interpreting Isaiah 43:9. To explicate one of the words, Rabbi Hanina turns to the Aramaic translation of that word in Genesis 25:23. Line C cites the Hebrew text of Genesis 25:23, “and one people will be stronger than the other people.” When we examine the Targums to this passage, we discover that Neofiti and Onqelos both have the same translation, “and one nation will be stronger than the other nation.” Both Targums use the word “kingdom,” as a translation of the Hebrew, as indicated in the Babylonian Talmud. Pseudo-Jonathan renders the rest of the phrase differently. For these four Scripture verses, Targum Neofiti and Targum Onqelos are the same, giving an exact parallel to the word or phrase cited in the Babylonian Talmud as the Aramaic translation of a Hebrew word from the Torah. So far then, there is no indication whether the Bavli's rabbis were reading the Palestinian Targum or Targum Onqelos ..."
Paul V. M. Flesher and Bruce D. Chilton, The Targums: A Critical Introduction, SAIS 12 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2011), 145.

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Neofiti Genesis 25:23 and Avodah Zarah 2b

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