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Nahum

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Woe to the city guilty of bloodshed! She is full of lies; she is filled with plunder; she has hoarded her spoil! 2 The chariot drivers will crack their whips; the chariot wheels will shake the ground. The chariot horses will gallop; the war chariots will bolt forward! 3 The charioteers will charge ahead; their swords will flash and their spears will glimmer! There will be many people slain; there will be piles of the dead and countless casualties—so many that people will stumble over the corpses. 4 Because you have acted like a wanton prostitute—a seductive mistress who practices sorcery, who enslaves nations by her harlotry, and entices peoples by her sorcery—⁠ 5 “I am against you,” declares the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. “I will strip off your clothes! I will show your nakedness to the nations and your shame to the kingdoms.⁠ 6 I will pelt you with filth; I will treat you with contempt; I will make you a public spectacle. 7 Everyone who sees you will turn away from you in disgust; they will say, ‘Nineveh has been devastated! Who will lament for her?’ There will be no one to comfort you!”⁠ 8 You are no more secure than Thebes—she was located on the banks of the Nile; the waters surrounded her—her rampart was the sea, the water was her wall. 9 Cush and Egypt had limitless strength; Put and the Libyans were among her allies. 10 Yet she went into captivity as an exile; even her infants were smashed to pieces at the head of every street.⁠ They cast lots for her nobility; all her dignitaries were bound with chains.⁠ 11 You too will act like drunkards; you will go into hiding; you too will seek refuge from the enemy. 12 All your fortifications will be like fig trees with first-ripe fruit: If they are shaken, their figs will fall into the mouth of the eater. 13 Your warriors will be like women in your midst;⁠ the gates of your land will be wide open to your enemies; fire will consume the bars of your gates. 14 Draw yourselves water for a siege! Strengthen your fortifications! Trample the mud and tread the clay! Make mud bricks to strengthen your walls! 15 There the fire will consume you; the sword will cut you down; it will devour you like the young locust would. Multiply yourself like the young locust; multiply yourself like the flying locust! 16 Increase your merchants more than the stars of heaven! They are like the young locust that sheds its skin and flies away. 17 Your courtiers are like locusts, your officials are like a swarm of locusts!⁠ They encamp in the walls on a cold day, yet when the sun rises, they fly away, and no one knows where they are. 18 Your shepherds are sleeping, O king of Assyria. Your officers are slumbering! Your people are scattered like sheep on the mountains, and there is no one to regather them. 19 Your destruction is like an incurable wound; your demise is like a fatal injury. All who hear what has happened to you will clap their hands for joy, for no one ever escaped your endless cruelty!⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Kings 9:22 and Nahum 3:4

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In 2 Kings 9, Jezebel is portrayed as the source of corruption through her influence over the king and her association with foreign practices. Nahum describes a similar female figure representing Nineveh, echoing the depiction of Jezebel.

Passages

2 Kings 9:22

Hebrew Bible
21 Joram ordered, “Hitch up my chariot.” When his chariot had been hitched up, King Joram of Israel and King Ahaziah of Judah went out in their respective chariots to meet Jehu. They met up with him in the plot of land that had once belonged to Naboth of Jezreel. 22 When Joram saw Jehu, he asked, “Is everything all right, Jehu?” He replied, “How can everything be all right as long as your mother Jezebel promotes idolatry and pagan practices?” 23 Joram turned his chariot around and took off. He said to Ahaziah, “It’s a trap, Ahaziah!” 24 Jehu aimed his bow and shot an arrow right between Joram’s shoulders. The arrow went through his heart and he fell to his knees in his chariot.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Kings

Nahum 3:4

Hebrew Bible
2 The chariot drivers will crack their whips; the chariot wheels will shake the ground. The chariot horses will gallop; the war chariots will bolt forward! 3 The charioteers will charge ahead; their swords will flash and their spears will glimmer! There will be many people slain; there will be piles of the dead and countless casualties—so many that people will stumble over the corpses. 4 Because you have acted like a wanton prostitute—a seductive mistress who practices sorcery, who enslaves nations by her harlotry, and entices peoples by her sorcery— 5 “I am against you,” declares the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. “I will strip off your clothes! I will show your nakedness to the nations and your shame to the kingdoms. 6 I will pelt you with filth; I will treat you with contempt; I will make you a public spectacle.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Nahum

References

"... Throughout the book of Nahum, the prophet taunts an unnamed female adversary. Clues in the text identify this woman as personified Nineveh, but ambiguity allows for multiple interpretations. In this article, I propose that the description of the woman in Nah 3:4 matches Queen Naqia. Biblical scholarship has not yet considered this link, probably because of her age when Nahum wrote. Nahum 3:4, however, mirrors a biblical depiction of Jezebel. When the verse is reconsidered in light of Jezebel, Naqia becomes a strong candidate for Nahum’s female enemy ..."
Gregory D. Cook, “Naqia and Nineveh in Nahum: Ambiguity and the Prostitute Queen,” JBL 136.4 (2017): 895–904.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Kings 9:22 and Nahum 3:4

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