Go to Related Reading
About this book

Nahum

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Woe to the city guilty of bloodshed! She is full of lies; she is filled with plunder; she has hoarded her spoil! 2 The chariot drivers will crack their whips; the chariot wheels will shake the ground. The chariot horses will gallop; the war chariots will bolt forward! 3 The charioteers will charge ahead; their swords will flash and their spears will glimmer! There will be many people slain; there will be piles of the dead and countless casualties—so many that people will stumble over the corpses. 4 Because you have acted like a wanton prostitute—a seductive mistress who practices sorcery, who enslaves nations by her harlotry, and entices peoples by her sorcery—⁠ 5 “I am against you,” declares the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. “I will strip off your clothes! I will show your nakedness to the nations and your shame to the kingdoms.⁠ 6 I will pelt you with filth; I will treat you with contempt; I will make you a public spectacle. 7 Everyone who sees you will turn away from you in disgust; they will say, ‘Nineveh has been devastated! Who will lament for her?’ There will be no one to comfort you!”⁠ 8 You are no more secure than Thebes—she was located on the banks of the Nile; the waters surrounded her—her rampart was the sea, the water was her wall. 9 Cush and Egypt had limitless strength; Put and the Libyans were among her allies. 10 Yet she went into captivity as an exile; even her infants were smashed to pieces at the head of every street.⁠ They cast lots for her nobility; all her dignitaries were bound with chains.⁠ 11 You too will act like drunkards; you will go into hiding; you too will seek refuge from the enemy. 12 All your fortifications will be like fig trees with first-ripe fruit: If they are shaken, their figs will fall into the mouth of the eater. 13 Your warriors will be like women in your midst;⁠ the gates of your land will be wide open to your enemies; fire will consume the bars of your gates. 14 Draw yourselves water for a siege! Strengthen your fortifications! Trample the mud and tread the clay! Make mud bricks to strengthen your walls! 15 There the fire will consume you; the sword will cut you down; it will devour you like the young locust would. Multiply yourself like the young locust; multiply yourself like the flying locust! 16 Increase your merchants more than the stars of heaven! They are like the young locust that sheds its skin and flies away. 17 Your courtiers are like locusts, your officials are like a swarm of locusts!⁠ They encamp in the walls on a cold day, yet when the sun rises, they fly away, and no one knows where they are. 18 Your shepherds are sleeping, O king of Assyria. Your officers are slumbering! Your people are scattered like sheep on the mountains, and there is no one to regather them. 19 Your destruction is like an incurable wound; your demise is like a fatal injury. All who hear what has happened to you will clap their hands for joy, for no one ever escaped your endless cruelty!⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§90–93 and Nahum 3:13

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

In the Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon, an Assyrian king asks the gods to make an oath-breaker like a woman in front of his enemy. Nahum echoes this ancient Near Eastern tradition, calling the warriors of Nineveh women, as its gates open to the enemy.

Passages

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§90–93

Ancient Near East, Assyrian · Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6)
612A ([If you should sin against] this [treaty] of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, [and of] his sons and grandsons,) ditto; just as this chariot is drenched with blood up to its base-board, so may your chariots be drenched with your own blood in the midst of your enemy. 616A May all the gods who are called by name in this treaty tablet spin you around like a spindle-whorl, may they make you like a woman before your enemy. 618A May all the gods who are mentioned by name in this treaty tablet make you, your brothers, your sons, and your daughters go backward like a crab. 621 May they make evil and wicked things surround you like fire.
672 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon

Nahum 3:13

Hebrew Bible
11 You too will act like drunkards; you will go into hiding; you too will seek refuge from the enemy. 12 All your fortifications will be like fig trees with first-ripe fruit: If they are shaken, their figs will fall into the mouth of the eater. 13 Your warriors will be like women in your midst; the gates of your land will be wide open to your enemies; fire will consume the bars of your gates. 14 Draw yourselves water for a siege! Strengthen your fortifications! Trample the mud and tread the clay! Make mud bricks to strengthen your walls! 15 There the fire will consume you; the sword will cut you down; it will devour you like the young locust would. Multiply yourself like the young locust; multiply yourself like the flying locust!
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Nahum

References

“... 3:13. The inevitability of Nineveh's collapse is visible in its lack of preparedness to engage the enemy. This verse describes Nineveh's troops as "women" incapable of repelling the invaders. This conventional censure (cf. 2 Sam. 3:29; Isa. 19:16; Jer. 50:37; 51:30) is also attested in the Assyrian king Esarhaddon's succession treaty: "May all the gods who are called by name in this treaty tablet spin you around like a spindle-whorl, may they make you like a woman before your enemy" (Haddox 2006: 188–9). In feminist exegesis, the prophet's image of effeminate troops has been called "one of the most insulting threats or curses that could be made" (Sanderson 2000b: 353), and the gates flung wide open may intimate sexual violation (O'Brien 2004: 53). ...”
Richard Coggins and Jin H. Han, Six Minor Prophets Through the Centuries: Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, BBC 29 (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 33.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

The Vassal Treaties of Esarhaddon §§90–93 and Nahum 3:13

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library