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Nahum

About this book
Chapter 1

1 This is an oracle about Nineveh; the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite:⁠ 2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry.⁠ The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.⁠ 3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished.⁠ He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.⁠ 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.⁠ 5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste. 6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches. 7 The Lord is good—indeed, he is a fortress in time of distress, and he protects those who seek refuge in him. 8 But with an overwhelming flood he will make a complete end of Nineveh; he will drive his enemies into darkness. 9 Whatever you plot against the Lord, he will completely destroy! Distress will not arise a second time. 10 Surely they will be totally consumed like entangled thornbushes, like the drink of drunkards, like very dry stubble. 11 From you, O Nineveh, one has marched forth who plots evil against the Lord, a wicked military strategist. 12 This is what the Lord says:⁠ “Even though they are powerful—and what is more, even though their army is numerous—nevertheless, they will be destroyed and trickle away! Although I afflicted you, I will afflict you no more. 13 And now, I will break Assyria’s yoke bar from your neck; I will tear apart the shackles that are on you.” 14 The Lord has issued a decree against you: “Your dynasty will come to an end. I will destroy the idols and images in the temples of your gods. I will desecrate your grave, because you are accursed!”⁠ 15 (2:1) Look! A herald is running on the mountains! A messenger is proclaiming deliverance:⁠ “Celebrate your sacred festivals, O Judah! Fulfill your sacred vows to praise God! For never again will the wicked Assyrians invade you; they have been completely destroyed.”

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.2 IV:25 and Nahum 1:4

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Nahum 1 gives Israel's God Baal's power over Sea from the Baal Cycle, turning the drying of seas and rivers into a warning that Assyria's strength cannot protect it from divine judgment.

Passages

KTU 1.2 IV:25

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
You, your name is 'All-Driver' All-Driver, drive Yamm away, drive Yamm from his throne, Nahar from the siege of his dominion! You must leap from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. Strike the skull of Prince Yamm (Ocean), the brow of Ruler Nahar (River)! Let Yamm collapse in a heap, and let him fall to the ground!' Then the mace leapt from the hand of Baal, like a falcon from his fingers. It struck the skull of Prince Yamm, the brow of Ruler Nahar. Yamm collapsed in a heap; he fell to the ground. His joints trembled, and his visage was discomposed. Baal gathered Up and drank Prince Yamm to the dregs, he exterminated Ruler Nahar. By name Athtart chided him Dry him Up, O Valiant Baal! Dry him up, O Charioteer of the Clouds! For our captive is Prince [Yamm], [for]
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Nahum 1:4

Hebrew Bible
3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished. He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet. 4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers. 5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste. 6 No one can withstand his indignation! No one can resist his fierce anger! His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire, boulders are broken up as he approaches.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Nahum

References

“... Ugaritic texts (KTU 1.3 III 38–42; KTU 1.5 I 1–8; and KTU 1.83) refer­ ence Baʿlu and ʿAnatu defeating Yammu and/or Lōtanu. Within the bibli­ cal anthology, many texts emphasize Yahweh’s authority over the sea (Ps 93:1–5; Ps 29:3; Ps 65:8; Nah 1:3b–5; Ps 104; Ps 33; Job 7:12 Job 9:8; Job 38:4a, 8–11, 16); some use the conflict motif to promote Yahweh’s royal author­ ity (Ps 93 and Ps 29); several describe battles against Rahab, Leviathan, dragon/s, Sea, and/or the sea (Ps 89:6–15, Ps 74:12–17, Job 26:10–13), though we also have descriptions of Leviathan as Yahweh’s plaything (Ps 104 and Job 40–41); and many passages interweave the conflict motif with creation themes in order to portray Yahweh’s dominion as universal (Ps 89:6–15, Ps 74:12–17, Ps 104:2–6; Job 38). Ugaritic and biblical literatures promote the prowess of Baʿlu and Yahweh, respectively, through reference to their defeat of Lōtanu/Leviathan, a multi-headed serpent. Judean and Mesopotamian combat traditions share use of the conflict motif to sup­ port the claim that the victorious warrior deity is incomparable. Mari letter A.1968 preserves reference to Adad defeating the sea as well. Though we have no full narratives of Yahweh or Adad defeating divine enemies, these victorious warrior deities, along with Baʿlu, Ninurta, Marduk, and Aššur, attained their kingship and dominion through combat with their enemies. I describe examples of the conflict motif that focus primarily on the status of the victorious deity as primary application of the motif. ...”
Debra Scoggins Ballentine, The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 124.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.2 IV:25 and Nahum 1:4

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