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About this book

Micah

About this book
Chapter 1

1 This is the Lord’s message that came to Micah of Moresheth during the time of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, which he saw concerning Samaria and Jerusalem. 2 Listen, all you nations! Pay attention, all inhabitants of earth! The Sovereign Lord will act as a witness against you; the Lord will accuse you from his majestic palace.⁠ 3 Look, the Lord is coming out of his dwelling place! He will descend and march on the earth’s mountaintops!⁠ 4 The mountains will crumble beneath him, and the valleys will split apart like wax before a fire,⁠ like water dumped down a steep slope.⁠ 5 All this is because of Jacob’s rebellion and the sins of the nation of Israel. And just what is Jacob’s rebellion? Isn’t it Samaria’s doings? And what is Judah’s sin? Isn’t it Jerusalem’s doings? 6 “I will turn Samaria into a heap of ruins in an open field, into a place for planting vineyards. I will dump the rubble of her walls down into the valley and lay bare her foundations. 7 All her carved idols will be smashed to pieces; all her metal cult statues will be destroyed by fire. I will make a waste heap of all her images. Since she gathered the metal as a prostitute collects her wages, the idols will become a prostitute’s wages again.”⁠ 8 For this reason I will mourn and wail; I will walk around barefoot and without my outer garments.⁠ I will howl like a jackal and screech like an ostrich.33⁠ 9 For Samaria’s disease is incurable. It has infected Judah; it has spread to the leadership of my people and even to Jerusalem! 10 Don’t spread the news in Gath. Don’t shed even a single tear. In Beth Leaphrah roll about in mourning in the dust! 11 Residents of Shaphir, pass by in nakedness and humiliation! The residents of Zaanan have not escaped. Beth Ezel mourns, “He takes from you what he desires.” 12 Indeed, the residents of Maroth hope for something good to happen, though the Lord has sent disaster against the city of Jerusalem. 13 Residents of Lachish, hitch the horses to the chariots! You influenced Daughter Zion to sin, for Israel’s rebellious deeds can be traced back to you! 14 Therefore you will have to say farewell to Moresheth Gath. The residents of Achzib will be as disappointing as a dried up well to the kings of Israel. 15 Residents of Mareshah, a conqueror will attack you; the leaders of Israel shall flee to Adullam. 16 Shave your heads bald as you mourn for the children you love;⁠ shave your foreheads as bald as an eagle, for they are taken from you into exile.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 15:2 and Micah 1:16

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Micah uses imagery from Isaiah’s lament over Moab, where shaving the head and beard are cultural actions that represent mourning and loss. By adopting the same physical signs of grief, Micah transforms a foreign nation’s tragedy into a warning for Judah.

Passages

Isaiah 15:2

Hebrew Bible
1 This is an oracle about Moab: Indeed, in a night it is devastated, Ar of Moab is destroyed! Indeed, in a night it is devastated, Kir of Moab is destroyed! 2 They went up to the temple; the people of Dibon went up to the high places to lament. Because of what happened to Nebo and Medeba, Moab wails. Every head is shaved bare, every beard is trimmed off. 3 In their streets they wear sackcloth; on their roofs and in their town squares all of them wail; they fall down weeping. 4 The people of Heshbon and Elealeh cry out; their voices are heard as far away as Jahaz. For this reason Moab’s soldiers shout in distress; their courage wavers.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Micah 1:16

Hebrew Bible
14 Therefore you will have to say farewell to Moresheth Gath. The residents of Achzib will be as disappointing as a dried up well to the kings of Israel. 15 Residents of Mareshah, a conqueror will attack you; the leaders of Israel shall flee to Adullam. 16 Shave your heads bald as you mourn for the children you love; shave your foreheads as bald as an eagle, for they are taken from you into exile.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Micah

References

"... This verb גזז [shear] in 1:20 is linguistically linked to the noun גז [wool, fleece] in 31:20 (vide infra). This link is significant because the majority of other instances (Genesis 31:19, 38:12.13; Deuteronomy 15:19; 1 Samuel 15:2, 4, 7, 11; 2 Samuel 13:23, 24; Isaiah 53:7) in the Hebrew Bible where this verb is used concern the shearing of sheep. It is only in Jeremiah 7:29, Micah 1:16 and Nahum 1:12 where it concerns a human being, in the former two instances more specifically suggesting lamentation and in the latter case a reference to destruction. In all the instances of ritual lamentation or mourning, that is, Isaiah 15:2, 22:12, Jeremiah 16:6, 41:5, 47:5, 48:37, Ezekiel 7:18 and Amos 8:10, which Clines (1989:135) mentions, this verb is never used. Many of these texts do not even mention the word שערה [hair] as if to avoid it, but describe the bodily state already after shaving as קרח [make]/[be] bald) or קרחה [baldness], a word, which does not appear in the book of Job either, despite both this book and these two words being closely linked to mourning and lamentation. In Micah 1:16, it is said of a נשר [vulture], which God mentions in Job 39:27 but then not related to its baldness. Another word, גרע [withdraw, diminish, shave], which sometimes appears as past participle connected to זקן [beard, not found in the book of Job either] in these texts is found in the book of Job but not in the sense of 'shaving' ..."
P. Van der Zwan, “Hair Matters: The Psychoanalytical Significance of the Virtual Absence of Hair in the Book of Job in an African Context,” HvTSt 78.4 (2022): 1–8.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 15:2 and Micah 1:16

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